Civil Defense Academy

The aim is to analyze deaths in armed conflicts in regions of the world over the past 10 years from 2015 to 2024. Research materials and methods. The object of the study was the electronic database on armed conflicts UCDP/PRIO [https://ucdp.uu.se/]. The indicators of armed conflicts and deaths in them were calculated by region (Europe, Asia, America, Africa and the Middle East). Statistical processing of the results was carried out in Microsoft Excel 2007 spreadsheets. The dynamics of the indicators were assessed with using the analysis of dynamic series and the calculation of a second-order polynomial trend. Research results and their analysis. 1,754 armed conflicts were recorded in the world over 10 years (2015–2024), including 557 (31.8%) state and 792 (45.2%) non-state. 1 million 489.3 thousand people died in armed conflicts, 1 million 187.2 thousand (79.7%) in state and 213 thousand (14.3%) in non-state conflicts. There is a trend towards an increase in the number of armed conflicts in the world and the number of people killed in them. The number of combatants killed in state conflicts was 81.2%, civilians – 11.5%, unidentified persons – 7.3%, and in non-state conflicts – 25.4%, 6.5 and 68.1%, respectively. The average annual individual risk of dying as a result of armed conflicts in the world was 19.3 · 10–6 deaths/(person year ), including 15.3 · 10–6 in state conflicts and 2.7 · 10–6 deaths/(person year ) in non-state conflicts. The number of deaths can be extrapolated to sanitary losses and, thus, optimize the forces and resources of disaster medicine.

The article discusses the problem of quadrobics as a phenomenon of youth subculture with a negative orientation. The purpose of the article is to identify the real possibilities of counterpropaganda among school-age adolescents. The article presents the results of an empirical study that demonstrates the possibility of effective interaction with students, their parents, and teachers in overcoming the threats posed by destructive subcultures.

The article explores modern approaches to monitoring harmful substances near industrial facilities using unmanned aerial vehicles. Traditional air pollution control methods – such as stationary gas analyzers, instrumental-analytical models, and ground inspections – are analyzed, with key limitations identified in hard-to-reach or hazardous areas. The relevance of employing mobile aerial complexes based on unmanned aerial vehicles is substantiated, as they improve safety, responsiveness, and measurement accuracy. A methodology for selecting measurement instruments to be mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles is proposed, considering constraints such as weight, power consumption, dimensions, operating temperature range, and metrological characteristics. Special attention is given to advanced sensor technologies and optico-physical measurement methods. Requirements for onboard measuring devices are formulated, and principles for their integration into unmanned aerial vehicles platforms are justified. The proposed solutions are aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of atmospheric air monitoring and reducing environmental and technogenic risks.

The knowledge-based economy is increasingly acquiring real practical outlines not only in the leading developed countries, but also in countries that have embarked on the path of systemic modernization of their economic systems.In a knowledge-based economy, in first place are resources and human potential that are inexhaustible by their nature, which can be multiplied, improved, changed and developed in the process of application.The article shows that the process of human capital development includes its formation, accumulation and reproduction.It is noted that human capital is the only factor of production, which, in the process of use, is simultaneously consumed and improved (developed).It has been proven that a knowledge-based economy creates an external environment and factors for the development of a complex, expensive person, and human capital, improving, gives powerful impulses for the development of a knowledge-based economy.These processes are influenced by such factors as investment in human capital, the development of education, knowledge and intelligence, creative work, competitiveness, information.A person, being a resource of a special kind, acts as both a consumed resource of the knowledge economy and a resource capable of showing his own activity, using various resources for his own improvement, complication, and development.

The results of the analysis of the development of e-commerce in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam are presented.The features of the development of e-commerce in the Republic, including the features of demography and user dynamics; the main channels of e-commerce and preferred methods of payment for online purchases are revealed.The features of the transition of Vietnamese business to the organization of e-commerce are shown.The prospects are studied and the main trends in the development of e-commerce in Vietnam are formulated.

The article deals with the problem of forming a personality of a safe type of behaviour, which can be solved by such collective subjects of education as student rescue teams. The inclusion of high school students in their activities makes it possible to combine theoretical training with active practical participation in relevant projects in society.

Relevance. Artificial intelligence is one of the fastest growing and promising technologies for processing and classifying natural text. The objective is to conduct a semantic analysis of domestic publications on emergency-related medical, biological and psychological problems, that are registered in the Russian Science Citation Index within 2005–2021 and where authors implement artificial intelligence methods and special software. Method. The object of the study is to analyze emergency-related medical, biological and psychological problems, published within 2005–2021 and registered in the Russian Science Citation Index. The analysis was carried out using VOSviewer program, as well as a neural network using the Python programming language. Results and discussion. For the purpose of semantic analysis, numerous scientific articles were imported from the Russian Science Citation Index into the VOSviewer program. Bibliometric visualization and clustering of key terms was conducted, to provide an insight into the publications and affiliations of main authors. In addition, cluster analysis and the ‘elbow’ method allowed to build a neural network in an automated mode to provide for more effective clustering; these data enabled us to identify 19 thematic clusters of scientific publications. Conclusion. In their publications investigators should be aware that the language of abstracts and keywords shall be inconformity with thesauruses, such as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). These clarifications contribute to a more correct correlation between publications and existing headings. Further increase in the level of digitalization, including artificial intelligence methods, will allow to conduct more accurate research

Introduction. From the analysis of hop dryers of different systems and designs follows the prospect of hop drying by complex influence of the energy of the electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency and convective heat. Aim of the Article. The article aims at developing a small-sized microwave convective hop dryer with justified parameters for intensive drying technology of freshly harvested hops. Materials and Methods. Taking into account the justified criteria for the design of a hop dryer and the analysis of existing resonators, there was proposed a methodology for the development of a hop dryer with an energy supply in an electromagnetic field, including requirements for structural design, operational and economic indicators, and technology. The electrodynamic parameters of the resonator were investigated according to the CST Studio 2017 program. Results. The dielectric parameters of hops are theoretically investigated and functional dependences on humidity at a frequency of 2,450 MHz are obtained. The dynamics of hop heating is investigated when its dielectric loss factor changes during the action of an ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field. There has been developed a design and technological scheme of a radio-hermetic microwave convective hop dryer of continuous flow action with tiered resonators for low-power agricultural enterprises. Resonators are arranged in tiers in the screening cylindrical housing: the first and third resonators are hemispherical, and the middle one is made in the form of an ellipsoid to ensure a high electric field strength. The transportation of raw materials takes place by rotating the discs in a gentle mode. Discussion and Conclusion. The expected specific energy costs of a hop dryer with a capacity of 12–13 kg/h at the microwave generator power of 4.0 kW for drying freshly harvested hops with a humidity of 76–82% to a humidity of 11–14% are 0.30–0.33 kWh/kg. The required electric field voltage of 2 kV/cm in all three resonators is provided, therefore, disinfection of raw materials occurs at a temperature of 65–70°C for 5–6 minutes of stay in three resonators. The intensity of moisture release from hop cones during endogenous convective heating increases 5–6 times compared to the convective drying method. The introduction of microwave drying technology using a convective method of evaporation and removal of moisture from the drying chamber reduces the duration of the process, saves valuable components of cones for brewing.

В статье рассмотрены факторы влияния цифровизации на туристский бизнес.Установлено, что для успеха туристских компаний внесение постепенных изменений в традиционные бизнес-модели недостаточно, а одним из решений является внедрение цифровых инноваций с одновременной оцифровкой основных активов.Выяснено, что все большая доля туристских компаний использует большие данные для генерирования доходов.Доказано, что их монетизация происходит путем создания большей ценности туристской компании для клиентов и бизнеса через разработку новых бизнес-моделей, создание пулов из компаний смежных отраслей, использующих данные для предоставления новых услуг, новых направлений

Introduction: Disappointing statistics of the World Health Organization on the growing number of new smokers, including those choosing electronic nicotine delivery systems, requires studies of both social factors and intrinsic subjective motivation to start smoking, where the main role is played by expectations of young people. The article discusses expectations of youth from smoking initiation and those from regular cigarette smoking. It also describes reported expectations and concomitant factors that preceded the initiation of smoking. Objective: To study the impact of expectations of young adults on smoking initiation. Materials and methods: An online survey of young people was conducted in January – May 2021 in the city of Khimki, Moscow Region, using Google Forms. All respondents were regular smokers (n = 360, 17–24 years of age; confidence level: 5 %, confidence interval: 95 %; criterion sampling). The study of youth expectations was retrospective and accurate enough in assessing subjective expectations from smoking initiation. Nonparametric statistics (Spearman’s rank correlation) was used for data analysis. Results: The main reason for initiation of tobacco smoking is a social factor confirming expectations of “feeling like an adult” (78.3 %) in young smokers with the support of friends, where smoking in the company of peers prevails over other occasions of tobacco use (76.6 %). Smoking among young people with little experience is attributed to social dependence, and, above all, social expectations. Consequently, 30.0 % of young adults have a significant potential for quitting smoking. A high social significance of the peers’ perception of the fact of starting smoking as a way to emphasize the overcoming of negative physical expectations was also confirmed. Positive expectations from smoking, such as relaxation and emancipation, significantly exceed negative ones (discomfort and malaise). Conclusions: Expectations have proved to be a determining factor in initiation of tobacco smoking among young people, which requires a change in the social component of smoking prevention techniques by bringing it to the level of the national idea of a healthy lifestyle (activity and longevity).