Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

This study compared five solvents - urea, carbonate-bicarbonate, citrate, phosphate, and water - for their ability to extract proteins from beech (BM) ( Hypsizygus marmoreus ) and Swiss brown (SB) ( Agaricus bisporus ) mushrooms. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics and bioinformatics, we found that urea produced the highest total protein identifications by data-dependent acquisition at 1% false discovery rate (FDR): BM: 1,739, SB: 1,907; and by data-independent acquisition: BM: 1,969, SB: 2,172 proteins, especially enriching cytosolic and ribosomal proteins. Carbonate-bicarbonate favoured the extraction of metabolic and translational proteins, while citrate targeted extracellular and membrane-associated proteins related to cell wall dynamics. Phosphate-enriched catalytically active proteins, and water extracted mainly soluble, simple proteins. Sequence-based enzyme profiling of urea extracts revealed an abundance of oxidoreductases, transferases, ligases, and translocases. Overall, extraction solvent selection strongly influences yield, diversity, and functional potential of mushroom proteomes, establishing a framework for targeted extraction of endogenous enzymes and functionally distinct proteins for food ingredient and nutraceutical formulations. • No single solvent captures the full proteome; each enriches specific proteins. • Solvent chemistry and cell wall structure influence protein extraction outcomes. • Urea yielded most proteins and enhanced oxidoreductase and transferase abundance. • Citrate, carbonate, phosphate, and water enriched distinct protein and enzyme sets. • Combining solvents can deepen and tailor macro-fungal proteome analysis.

Spent neodymium–iron–boron (NdFeB) magnets represent a valuable secondary source of rare earth elements (REEs). This study presents an innovative process for recovering Neodymium (Nd) from spent NdFeB magnets using inorganic Al(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O solution composed of aluminium nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O) and water referred to as a “green Brønsted solvent.” Hammett acidity measurements confirm that concentrated solutions of Al(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O and H 2 O exhibit strong Brønsted acidity, enabling the selective leaching of Nd from NdFeB magnet sample roasted at 660 °C. A high separation factor of 4150 for Nd over iron (Fe) was achieved. This Al(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O solution offers significant advantages, including non-volatility, safety, high solubility, and excellent selectivity for REEs. Under optimal conditions (80 °C, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:20, and leaching time of 150 min), 96.9% of Nd was leached, while Fe leaching was limited to just 0.9%. The dissolved Nd 3+ was subsequently recovered from the leachate by precipitation with oxalic acid, followed by oxidative roasting, yielding Nd 2 O 3 with a purity greater than 95%. This high selectivity and product purity demonstrate the feasibility of this process for producing high-quality Nd 2 O 3 suitable for reuse in NdFeB magnet manufacturing. Moreover, the approach minimizes impurity incorporation and downstream processing requirements, offering an environmentally friendly strategy for REEs recovery from secondary resources. • Green Brønsted solvent enables selective Nd leaching from spent NdFeB magnets. • Roasting of NdFeB at 660 °C significantly enhances the selective recovery of Nd. • High Nd/Fe separation factor of 4150 achieved with Al(NO 3 ) 3 ·9H 2 O and H 2 O solution. • Optimised leaching yielded 96.9% Nd recovery with only 0.9% Fe co-leached. • Nd 3+ recovered as >95% pure Nd 2 O 3 via oxalic acid precipitation and roasting.

• Recent engineering model developments imply that the growth rate exponents of mixing layers may be changed permanently by only a temporary application of strain. • This effect has been demonstrated using Large-Eddy Simulations, with good qualitative agreement with the engineering model. • Under compression, the mixing layer exhibits a substantially reduced growth rate exponent from θ = 0.279 to θ = 0.112 and increased mixing. Recent engineering models of turbulent mixing layers under strain imply that there may be a permanent modification of important mixing layer physics following a temporary application of strain. This paper presents a set of Implicit Large-Eddy Simulations of a canonical Richtmyer-Meshkov instability to explore the validity of this model result. The well-characterised θ -group quarter scale case is modified to include a strain rate which halves domain widths in approximately five eddy turnover times. Following the removal of strain, the observed value of the growth rate exponent θ = 0.112 which is a 2.5 times reduction compared with the unstrained case. Whilst θ is slowly rising at late time, the actual change in θ is qualitatively in good agreement with the engineering model but is quantitatively a much greater change than expected. Mixedness also increases significantly, from Θ = 0.8 for the unstrained to Θ = 0.9 following the application of strain. Turbulent kinetic energy substantially rises during strain, but then dissipates more rapidly following the removal of strain due to the decreased turbulent length-scales. Overall these results demonstrate that modifications to engineering models, such as those proposed by Pascoe et al. (Phys. Rev. Fluids 10 (6), 064609, 2025) are needed to capture these significant variations in flow physics which persist even following the removal of strain. The engineering model further predicts more substantial impacts at high overall compression or expansion as expected in typical applications in inertial confinement fusion, supernovae or explosions.

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection has serious deleterious effects on the health of goats, and costs Australian producers $2.5 million annually (Lane et al., 2015). Anthelmintic drugs are heavily relied upon for control of these parasites; however, anthelmintic resistance (AR) has become a major constraint for producers. This study assessed resistance to a range of registered and off-label anthelmintic treatments using faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) and compared four methods of FECRT analysis. Twelve meat goat properties in southern Queensland (n=6) and New South Wales (n=6) were recruited for resistance testing. Goats shedding a minimum of 150 eggs per gram (epg) were randomly allocated to treatment groups of 15 animals. Faecal egg count (FEC) samples were taken on day 0 and day 14 post-treatment. Four methods were employed to analyse FECRT results: a simple mean percentage reduction of FEC, a Bayesian Hierarchial Model ('eggCounts' package in R Studio), a computational method recommended by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) (Kaplan et al. 2023), and a Beta Negative Binomial (BNB) Distribution analysis (FECRT.com). This study identified the first field cases of resistance, classifications to several anthelmintics: Moxidectin (MOX) on 70% of properties, Monepantel (MPL)+Abamectin (ABA) on 50%, Derquantel (DER)+ABA on 33%, ABA+Oxfendazole (OXF)+Levamisole (LEV) on 50% and ABA+Closantel (CLOS)+LEV+Albendazole (ABZ) on 50%. All properties (100%) had resistance to Fenbendazole (FBZ), ABA, Eprinomectin (EPM), Doramectin (DRM) and LEV in combined species tests. Haemonchus contortus was found to be the most commonly resistant GIN species, followed by Trichostrongylus spp. A comparison of the four methods used to evaluate FECRT results revealed that out of a total 104 individual FECRTs performed, 87 tests returned a consistent categorical outcome. The WAAVP method and BNB distribution yielded the most resistant classifications. These findings illustrate widespread AR to commonly used registered and off-label anthelmintic treatments in meat goats across both Queensland and New South Wales. This has significant implications for the longevity of these treatments and poses a serious risk to successful control of GIN in goats using chemicals. The continued reliance on anthelmintics is not sustainable, the incorporation of non-chemical control management practices should be encouraged for all goat producers.

Abstract We report the discovery and timing of two pulsars from a sample of four circularly polarized sources identified in radio continuum images taken as part of the Australian SKA Pathfinder Variables and Slow Transients survey. Observations with the Parkes (Murriyang) radio telescope confirmed both sources as normal pulsars with high dispersion measures (DMs). PSR J1646−4451 has a spin period of 217 ms and a DM of 928 cm −3 pc, while PSR J1837−0616 exhibits a spin period of 118 ms and a DM of 793 cm −3 pc. These pulsars show extreme pulse broadening due to scattering, with measured scattering timescales of 117 ms and 75 ms at observing frequencies of ∼1.8 GHz, respectively. These measurements imply extrapolated scattering timescales at 1 GHz of ∼1346 ms and 740 ms, placing them among the most heavily scattered known pulsars. Our findings underscore the potential of using circular polarization in radio continuum images as a tool for identifying highly scattered pulsars. Future wide-field radio continuum surveys are poised to uncover a broader population of extreme pulsars, particularly those that are heavily scattered at 1.4 GHz, intrinsically faint, or residing in binaries—offering valuable insights into both pulsar demographics and the complex structure of the ionized interstellar medium.