Corning (United States)

Dendritic growth of lithium upon charging is a leading failure mode of batteries with lithium metal anodes coupled with solid-state electrolytes. With the development of stabilizing interlayers between the Li metal anode and LLZO solid electrolyte, high critical current densities (>2.5 mA cm–2) can be realized. However, achieving similar current densities consistently across a large number of cells with thin LLZO membranes (<100 μm thick) has proven challenging. The origin of variation in the rate of success is generally attributed to manufacturing defects in the LLZO separator. Here, with the aid of the dendrite location detection method and other characterization techniques, we report shape defects on an otherwise flat surface as an additional origin for crack formation and concomitant dendrite growth. A combination of experimental work and simulations reveals that shape defects act as a stress riser during the operation of the cell. Once the stress on LLZO reaches a critical threshold, it is expected that LLZO will fracture, with rapid growth of lithium dendrites along the crack, leading to rapid shorting of the cell. This finding has shed light on a defect which is critical for the commercial manufacturing of LLZO separators.

We investigate analog and digital pre-emphasis for ultra-high-bit-rate coherent dual-polarization 64-QAM (DP-64QAM) transmission using OptiSystem. Two representative single-wavelength configurations are studied: 64 Gbaud (600 Gb/s payload, 768 Gb/s line rate) and 100 Gbaud (1000 Gb/s payload, 1.2 Tb/s line rate). The transmitter employs raised-cosine pulse shaping (roll-off 0.1) and a 9-bit DAC, while the receiver uses a 9-bit ADC; bandwidth-limiting Bessel/Gaussian filters emulate practical transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) front-end constraints. Analog pre-emphasis (APE) is realized by uploading a measured analog filter response immediately after the DAC to compensate high-frequency roll-off. Digital pre-emphasis (DPE) is implemented before the DAC as a finite-impulse-response (FIR) pre-distortion stage, with taps obtained from the measured frequency response via spectrum mirroring, inverse FFT, Hamming-window smoothing, and normalization. We compare four cases: (i) ideal reference without bandwidth limits; (ii) bandwidth-limited without pre-emphasis; (iii) APE; and (iv) DPE. Bit-error-rate–versus–optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) results show that both APE and DPE substantially mitigate bandwidth-induced penalties and approach the theoretical bound, reducing the OSNR gap to 5.8 dB at 64 Gbaud and 6.6 dB at 100 Gbaud, with operation near the forward error correction (FEC) threshold (BER=10−2). While DPE offers full programmability, it increases peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and may require additional gain headroom. Overall, APE provides an effective rapid-prototyping step prior to DPE deployment, confirming the feasibility of 768 Gb/s and 1.2 Tb/s DP-64QAM links with commercially realistic components, including a 150 GSa/s DAC operating at 1.5 samples/symbol for 100 Gbaud.

This study relates to the challenges faced by the wood furniture industry, specifically in the production of wooden sofa legs, which encounter issues with production efficiency and product quality. Many small and medium-sized enterprises still rely on manual processes that are time-consuming and result in products with varying quality. This research aims to formulate production efficiency strategies that can improve product quality without compromising costs or quality standards. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study of a small furniture industry in Pacitan, East Java, through observations, interviews, and documentation, and data analysis using the Miles and Huberman model. The gap in this research lies in the lack of in-depth studies on the production of wooden sofa legs in the context of small and medium-sized industries in Indonesia, particularly in the application of lean manufacturing principles and quality control. The novelty of this research is the integration of lean manufacturing principles and quality control tailored to the specific conditions of small furniture industries, providing strategic recommendations that are practical for industry players. The results and discussion show that the application of the 5S system and production layout improvements successfully increased efficiency and reduced waste, while the implementation of strict quality control at each stage of production improved product consistency. The study also found that worker training and the application of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) significantly improved product quality.

Abstract Aluminosilicate glasses are widely used in everyday applications and can be seen as building blocks of modern technology, from display screens to glass‐ceramics. However, due to their high viscosities, gas bubbles can only be removed from aluminosilicate melts at high temperatures, leading to significant energy costs. This fining process can be improved with the use of multivalent oxides such as SnO 2 . In this study, extended x‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and Raman spectroscopy were used to determine the local environment surrounding Sn(II) and Sn(IV) ions in a sodium aluminosilicate glass. In situ XANES spectroscopy enabled the quantification of Sn redox state at high temperature, allowing for the determination of thermodynamic parameters governing the Sn reduction. Our results show that Sn(IV) is octahedrally coordinated and linked to network‐forming tetrahedra through corner‐sharing, whereas Sn(II) is in a lower coordination number. Comparing the modeled behavior of Sn with that of Fe and Ce, it appears that SnO 2 is a suitable fining agent for aluminosilicate glasses as it undergoes reduction when the viscosity is sufficiently low for bubbles to escape the melt. Conversely, the use of CeO 2 leads to substantial gas release at higher viscosities, resulting in foam formation within the glass.

The rapid advancement of digital technologies has opened new pathways for addressing complex global water challenges aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). This study aims to analyze the scientific landscape of digital innovation and strategic governance in support of SDG 6, focusing on how technologies such as blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence are integrated into clean water and sanitation research. Offering a novel contribution to the field, this work employs a bibliometric analysis of 222 Scopus-Indexed articles published between 2016 and 2024. VOSviewer software is used to visualize co-authorship networks, organizational collaborations, country-level interactions, and keyword co-occurrence patterns to map influential trends and thematic developments. The findings highlight a substantial increase in global research output, with notable contributions from the United States, Indonesia, and China. Thematic clusters point to a shift from conventional governance models toward technology-enabled frameworks emphasizing transparency, efficiency, and real-time decision-making. Strategic management themes increasingly intersect with digital infrastructure, signaling a growing multidisciplinary focus in water sustainability research. This study provides a comprehensive overview of how digital transformation is reshaping global research efforts toward SDG 6 and offers evidence-based direction for future research. Opportunities for extending this work include system-level evaluations of smart water technologies, deeper integration of AI models, and the development of adaptive policy frameworks grounded in technical innovation.

The growing integration of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) into Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) frameworks has led to an expanding body of interdisciplinary research. However, this literature remains fragmented, with limited insight into thematic convergence, geographic disparities, and institutional collaborations. This study aims to analyze the intellectual structure and emerging trends in CSR-SDG research by conducting a bibliometric mapping using VOSviewer and network analysis techniques. A dataset of 902 Scopus-indexed articles published between 2016 and 2025 was systematically filtered and analyzed to identify dominant themes, co-authorship patterns, organizational linkages, source-coupled networks, and keyword co-occurrences. The findings reveal that developed countries, particularly the United States and the United Kingdom, dominate CSR-SDG discourse, while emerging economies such as India and Indonesia are gaining prominence. Core research clusters center around social responsibility, governance, education, and gender equality, with recent studies emphasizing digital tools, artificial intelligence, and sustainability reporting. Institutional leaders like the Rotterdam School of Management drive international collaborations, while author networks indicate a temporal evolution from theoretical to technology-driven approaches. The results highlight the need for greater representation of the Global South, interdisciplinary frameworks, and sector-specific applications. This study contributes to the understanding of strategic CSR-SDG alignment and provides a roadmap for future research. Addressing regional imbalances, enhancing cross-sector partnerships, and leveraging emerging technologies are essential for achieving impactful and inclusive sustainability practices. Future research should explore longitudinal effects, digital innovations, and ethical governance models to bridge existing gaps in the literature and practice.

Various metrology tools are available for characterizing the birefringence of optical materials. Of particular interest to Corning Incorporated is the birefringence characterization of Corning CaF₂. Some instruments employ a polarization camera for instantaneous, high spatial resolution measurements (&lt;0.1mm across optics larger than 100mm), while others use a rotating analyzer to achieve higher spatial resolution at the cost of longer measurement times. Additionally, pencil beam instruments offer ~0.5mm resolution and rapid data acquisition speeds (~50kHz) over a broad spectrum, including the DUV, but average out fine details.

Abstract Elucidating the intricate structures of novel bioactive glasses is essential for understanding their structure–property relationships, particularly regarding dissolution rate and bioactivity which are key factors in designing glass compositions for biomedical applications. In this study, we investigate the structure and property relations of a series of novel bioactive phosphosilicate glasses through an integrated experimental and computational study by using characterization techniques such as magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), neutron diffraction, and molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations. Our results reveal that zirconia significantly alters the chemical environment surrounding silicon, as evidenced by 29Si NMR, through the formation of Si–O–Zr linkages. This structural modification is further supported by shifts in partial pair distribution function peak positions toward longer distances for P–O and Si–O pairs, as observed in neutron diffraction data for glasses containing 4 mol% ZrO2. Additionally, apparent depolymerization is observed around silicon, showing a decrease of Si Q4 and Q3 species with increasing ZrO2. Phosphorus predominantly exists as Q0 (∼90%) and Q1 (∼10%) species, showing little sensitivity to zirconia composition variations, as demonstrated by 31P NMR. Increasing the P2O5 content results in a more disordered and heterogeneous glass network, as neutron diffraction revealed. MD simulations indicate a preferential distribution of isolated orthophosphate units. The structural information from MD was employed to establish a quantitative structure–property relationship analysis with key physical properties, such as Young's modulus and density. These combined results highlight the power of integrating experimental and computational methods to unveil significant composition‐driven modifications in short‐ and medium‐range glass structures, ultimately governing the properties of bioactive glasses.

Glass provides high dimensional stability and flatness, enabling high-throughput electronic assembly with high precision optical alignment for co-packaged optics (CPO) applications. Optical waveguides can be integrated in the glass core material by the thermal silver ion-exchange (IOX) process at temperatures around 350°C for fiber to chip connectivity. Currently available IOX glasses degrade due to ion mobility at operating conditions so we designed a new glass composition enabling waveguides to be stable over a lifetime of five years at an elevated temperature of 85°C or higher without performance degradation which could impact the integrity of the optical signal. The glass composition was optimized for thermal stability and low loss IOX waveguides were fabricated with propagation loss of only 0.034 dB/cm. Waveguide designs are studied and evaluated for waveguide crossings, high-density spacing, tight bends, high-optical power transmission, and polarization dependency. The waveguide technology is demonstrated for different applications including glass waveguide bridge for fiber to chip-coupling, multi-core fan-out, optical waveguide shuffle and an optical waveguide circuit for CPO with over 1024 waveguide interconnects.