Dagestan State Technical University

This research article provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic structure and development priorities of the Republic of Dagestan within the framework of regional economic development theories. The study examines the transformation of the Dagestan economy from a depressed system to a diversified regional economy with the potential for sustainable development. Through a systemic analysis of statistical data, strategic documents, and current development initiatives, the article identifies key sectors driving economic growth, including agriculture, energy, tourism, and logistics. The study emphasizes the strategic importance of infrastructure modernization, innovation, and cluster development to overcome structural imbalances. The article proposes a conceptual model of regional development that balances economic growth with social and environmental priorities, providing specific practical recommendations applicable not only to the Republic of Dagestan but also to other mountainous regions of the Russian Federation. The study's results demonstrate that targeted investments in strategic sectors, combined with institutional support and innovation, can effectively address the challenges faced by depressed economies while promoting their sustainable development.

Objective. This article presents the general principles of producing lightweight, heat-resistant shotcrete mixtures using diatomaceous earth aggregates and expanded clay sand on a composite binder of Portland cement with finely ground additives of fired shale and argillite clays and broken ceramic bricks. The aim of the study is to determine the influence of the type and dosage of mineral additives and the heating temperature on compressive and flexural strength. Method . High-tech equipment, research and testing methods regulated by regulatory documents, in combination with research techniques, and methods of mathematical experimental design were used. Result. The compressive and flexural strength of heat-resistant shotcrete mixture samples was determined to identify and select the optimal composition for protecting concrete lining structures from exposure to high temperatures. Conclusion. The developed shotcrete compositions based on a composite binder made from local mineral raw materials exhibit satisfactory physical and mechanical properties and are consistent with the results of other studies, making them promising for strengthening building structures and protecting against high temperatures. The results confirm the feasibility of using these compositions in construction.

BACKGROUND: A review of the literature shows that the study of temperature distribution and the effect of pressure is an important basis for the design of the most wear-resistant and durable valves and significantly affects the choice of materials. Studying the temperature distribution inside valves at the pressure exerted on them during engine operation is experimentally a very time-consuming and demanding task. It is required to perform such calculations with software allowing to consider certain loads based the crankshaft rotation angle of the test sample. AIM: The object of the study was a valve of a factory-built small-sized marine engine and the same valves with a modified design and added spiral guides (screens, blades) to study the effect of temperature exerted on them depending on the crankshaft rotation. All studied valves had the homogeneous structural material. METHODS: To conduct the study, we used the finite element method implemented in the Ansys software, where a non-stationary thermomechanical calculation of valves with different designs made of homogeneous material was performed using the small-sized marine engine Ch8.5-11 valve with the subsequent analysis of the results, their study, and comparison. For the convenience of the solution, the study was divided into two parts. In this part, the influence of temperature during the operation of the small-sized marine engine Ch8.5/11 is studied; the future study will involve the transfer of the studied temperature fields to the pressure in the small-sized marine engine cylinder tested by the valves. RESULTS: At this stage, the finite element method was used to build and visualize the temperature fields of valves with different designs, to calculate the heat flux density, and to analyze the value of the spiral guides installed on the valves in relation to the temperature. As the calculation was non-stationary, we selected the highest test temperature stresses exerted on the valves during operation for the small-sized marine engine study. CONCLUSION: The simulation allowed to collect data on the temperature distribution inside valve trays of the studied 40X steel valves, which can be viewed at any time of the studied interval. The study of the heat flux in valves of different designs revealed that the heat flux increased in the valve with 3 blades (283.12 W/mm2) and the heat flux in the design with 6 blades was 281.49 W/mm2.

Aim. The work aimed to study the consequences of implementing products using artificial intelligence technologies in economic security systems.Objectives. The work seeks to analyze the development directions and results of artificial intelligence technologies; to assess the capabilities (beneficial effects) of these technologies in economic security systems of organizations; to identify specific threats to economic security, associated with the use of artificial intelligence technologies in organizations; to develop recommendations for mitigating these threats.Methods. The study employed comparative and retrospective analysis, economic-statistical and index methods, as well as special methods for studying economic security, expert-analytical and system approaches.Results. It has been established that the use of artificial intelligence in economic security systems can produce a significant beneficial effect. The advantages of its use in the field under consideration are associated with the fact that in formal analysis (from the standpoint of its rate, accuracy, consistency and taking into account the maximum possible number of factors), the artificial intelligence products surpass human capabilities. This results in a gradual replacement (moreover in the future) of human intelligence with artificial intelligence in the field under consideration, at least in cases of tasks that do not require non-standard, creative solutions, based sometimes on the paradoxical nature of human thinking. At the same time, such a development of events gives rise to a number of specific threats to economic security, namely “engagement” of many products using AI technologies; the possibility of manipulating information; loss of critical thinking skills by officials; the growing importance of cyberattacks.Conclusions. The development of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence technologies, has an ambiguous impact on economic security at all levels of the economic system. Overcoming the problems identified in the study requires activities in a number of fields, namely the formation of national products using artificial intelligence technologies, within the implementation of state policy to achieve technological sovereignty; strengthening the information component of systemic measures to ensure economic security; revision of approaches to the formation of competencies of specialists in the field of economic security, who use (or can potentially use) artificial intelligence products in their activities.

La centrale hydroélectrique de Kapichira, d’une puissance de 130 MW, est située près des chutes de Kapichira sur la rivière Shire au Malawi, en Afrique australe. Elle est exploitée par EGENCO (la société nationale de production). Une prise d'eau menant à un nouveau canal d'irrigation était en cours de construction pour le compte du Shire Valley Transformation Project (SVTP) en janvier 2022 lors du passage du cyclone Ana sur le Malawi. De fortes pluies associées aux difficultés rencontrées avec le contrôle des vannes du barrage de Kapichira ont entraîné la surverse du barrage avec affouillement et rupture du remblai en rive droite. Un batardeau en sol cimenté (CSD) élaboré à partir du sol d’un gisement voisin a été construit pour permettre d'élever le niveau d'eau dans le barrage afin de rétablir la production d'électricité et de protéger la partie endommagée du remblai du Barrage de Kapichira. Ce rapport présente le développement de la conception du batardeau, en abordant les défis liés aux études de sol et à la formulation du sol cimenté, ainsi que les contraintes sur les activités de conception et de construction dans un temps très limité. Il illustre un exemple de coopération internationale dans le domaine de la 1100technologie CSD réunissant des ingénieurs de Nouvelle Zélande, de France, de Corée, du Portugal, d'Afrique du Sud, et du Malawi pour assurer la reconstruction en toute sécurité du Barrage de Kapichira. Les conditions d'extraction du sol, de fabrication et de mise en œuvre du sol cimenté à l'intérieur et autour du bassin du barrage sont présentées en abordant les difficultés propres au site. Le rapport traite aussi des interactions complexes entre la formulation du sol cimenté et l’atelier de construction, des contraintes d'approvisionnement en ciment et en carburant et de la manière dont la réalisation rapide dans un site écologiquement sensible d'une réserve nationale d’animaux a conduit au développement de conceptions et de mode de construction spécifiques. À la lumière des enseignements tirés de cette application dans un contexte particulier, le rapport illustre comment la technologie des barrages en sol cimenté peut être utilisée pour relever les défis des barrages à l'avenir.

Objective. The paper presents general equations of the moment theory of a shell of zero Gaussian curvature taking into account creep deformation. The problem of the stress-strain state of a shell is considered, with the boundary conditions: rigidly fixed at the base and free edge at the top. The cylinder is subject to internal hydrostatic pressure. Method. A linear non-homogeneous differential equation of the fourth order with respect to deflection is obtained. The solution is given in the MATLAB software package. The non-linear MaxwellGurevich equation is used as the equation of state between creep deformations and stresses. To determine creep deformations, a linear approximation of the first derivative with respect to time (Euler's method) was used. Result. The calculation of the shell made of secondary PVC was performed using the grid method. The method was tested. A program for calculation in the MATLAB package was developed with the possibility of varying the initial data and outputting a graph of the dependence of stress displacements on time. During creep in the shell, circumferential stresses increase by 14.7%. Conclusion. The proposed approach can be applied to the analysis of the stress-strain state and bearing capacity of a reinforced concrete shell as well. There are no restrictions on boundary conditions and the type of loading, and the beam material can be not only polymers and composites for construction purposes, but also concrete.

Objective. Substantiation of the expediency of using the proposed methodology for the formation of evaluation materials in the training of IT specialists in the field of programming, followed by its use within the framework of traditional and distance learning technologies in the higher education system. Method. The research methods include: analysis of evaluation materials; methods based on algorithms for decomposing the program code proposed for solving the problem; methods for analyzing data from open sources, methods for analyzing algorithms and data structures. A competency-based approach is used as an alternative to the classical approach, which uses categories of knowledge acquisition. Result. The possibility of using test tasks as traditional ones, as well as tasks in the form of cases, is substantiated. A proven approach to differentiating case programming tasks by level of complexity is proposed, which provides for gradation into three levels. Conclusion. Testing of the methodology has shown its effectiveness in assessing the level of preparedness of students in the field of programming, both in traditional and distance learning.

Актуальность работы. Слоистые среды ‒ одни из наиболее часто встречающихся объектов в инженерно-строительной деятельности человека. С одной стороны они представляют собой грунтово-геологические массивы, а с другой, например, взаимодействующие с ними дорожные одежды автомобильных дорог. Исследование напряженно-деформированного состояния дорожных одежд автомобильных дорог служит основой для решения многих инженерных задач, и в последние годы осуществляется, как правило, с применением геофизических методов. Выработка эффективных критериев анализа состояния дорожных одежд на основе геофизических подходов, опирающихся на анализ диссипации энергии динамического деформирования, может в значительной степени послужить повышению их долговечности и надежности в течение жизненного цикла. Цель работы. Исследование процессов диссипации энергии деформирования в слоистых средах на примере дорожных одежд автомобильных дорог и установление качественных взаимосвязей между жесткостью отдельных слоев и диссипацией энергии деформирования в них. Методы. В рамках исследования выполнялись экспериментальные исследования диссипации энергии деформирования на поверхности дорожной одежды, и отдельных ее слоев по мере строительства. В качестве опытного участка был выбран строящийся участок автомобильной дороги Iкатегории на Юге России. Для экспериментального анализа использовалась установка динамического нагружения с падающим грузом FWD PRIMAX 1500, позволяющая осуществлять регистрацию динамических петель гистерезиса как на поверхности отдельных слоев дорожной одежды, так и на поверхности автомобильной дороги. Результаты. Впервые рассчитаны количественные значения уровней диссипации энергии деформирования для дорожной одежды автомобильной дороги, и установлена их связь с жесткостными характеристиками конструктивных слоев. Установлено, что верхние тонкие слои покрытий дорожных одежд, обладающие большей вязкостью в сравнении с остальными слоями, служат «демпфером», поглощающим и рассеивающим энергию деформирования, позволяющим предохранять нижние слои от накопления деформаций и микроразрушений Relevance. Layered half-space are among the most frequently encountered objects in human engineering and construction activities. On the one hand they represent soil-geological massifs, and on the other hand, for example, roadways interacting with them. The study of stress-strain state of highway pavements serves as a basis for solving many engineering problems, and in recent years is carried out as a rule with the use of geophysical methods. The development of effective criteria for analyzing the state of road pavements on the basis of geophysical approaches, based on the analysis of dissipation of dynamic deformation energy, can significantly serve to increase their durability and reliability during the life cycle. Aim. To study the processes of deformation energy dissipation in layered half-space on the example of road pavements of highways and to establish qualitative relationships between the stiffness of individual layers and the dissipation of deformation energy in them. Methods. Experimental investigations of the dissipation of deformation energy on the surface of the road pavement and its separate layers during construction were carried out within the framework of the research. For the experimental analysis we used a dynamic loading unit with a falling load FWD PRIMAX 1500, which allows to register dynamic hysteresis loops both on the surface of separate layers of pavement and on the surface of the completed highway. Results. For the first time quantitative values of the levels of dissipation of deformation energy for the A-135 highway pavement have been calculated and their relationship with the stiffness characteristics of structural layers has been established. The assumption is made, confirmed by the results of experimental measurements, that the upper thin layers of pavements with higher viscosity compared to other layers serve as a “dampener” absorbing and dissipating the deformation energy, allowing to protect the lower layers from the accumulation of deformation and micro-destruction

Objective. The objective of the study is to create an intelligent system for monitoring the condition of equipment and managing the operating modes of a gas distribution station (GDS) based on a logical-linguistic (fuzzy) model for making assessment and management decisions. Method. The theory of fuzzy sets and algorithms of L. Zade was used, which allows the use of qualitative concepts and allows the creation of logical-linguistic models of the controlled process on their basis. Result. The article provides a rationale for using an intelligent system for assessing the state of equipment and managing a gas distribution station (GDS) based on a logical-linguistic (fuzzy) model for representing the knowledge base for making assessment and management decisions. This approach provides developers of control systems for complex processes and/or objects with a clear and effective way to describe their dynamics. Conclusion. An intelligent system for assessing equipment conditions and managing the operating modes of the gas distribution station, in which the knowledge base is presented in the form of a logicallinguistic (fuzzy) model, allows for solutions to the specified problem based on the knowledge of an experienced expert (dispatcher), which will improve the quality of service and reduce the operating costs of the gas distribution station

Статья посвящена моделированию гидродинамических процессов мелководных водоемов на примере Азовского моря. В статье приведена математическая модель гидродинамики мелководного водоема, позволяющая вычислить трехмерные поля вектора скорости движения водной среды. Применение регуляризаторов по Б. Н. Четверушкину в уравнении неразрывности привело к изменению способа расчета поля давления, базирующегося на решении волнового уравнения. Построена дискретная конечно-разностная схема для расчета давления в области, линейные размеры которой по вертикали существенно меньше размеров по горизонтальным координатным направлениям, что является характерным для геометрии мелководных водоемов. Описаны метод и алгоритм решения сеточных уравнений с предобуславливателем трехдиагонального вида. Предложенный метод применен для решения сеточных уравнений, возникающих при расчете давления для трехмерной задачи гидродинамики Азовского моря. Показано, что предложенный метод сходится быстрее модифицированного попеременно-треугольного метода. Представлена параллельная реализация предложенного метода решения сеточных уравнений и проведены теоретические и практические оценки ускорения алгоритма с учетом времени латентности вычислительной системы. Приведены результаты вычислительных экспериментов для решения задач гидродинамики Азовского моря с использованием гибридной технологии MPI + OpenMP. Разработанные модели и алгоритмы применялись для реконструкции произошедшей в 2001 году в Азовском море экологической катастрофы и решения задачи движения водной среды в устьевых районах. Численные эксперименты проводились на гибридном вычислительном кластере К-60 ИПМ им. М. В. Келдыша РАН. Ключевые слова: математическое моделирование, гидродинамика, итерационный метод, декомпозиция расчетной области, параллельный алгоритм Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 21-71-20050).