Dagestan State University

Craniological traits were compared between hatchery-raised and wild-caught juveniles in the Eizenam brown trout Salmo trutta ezenami Berg, 1948 and the Atlantic salmon S. salar Linnaeus, 1758. Six out of ten meristic traits under study were found to differ significantly between the wild and cultivated samples in either species. Among 39 morphometric trait indices, 22 differed significantly between the S. trutta ezenami samples and 14, between the S. salar samples. Differences in meristic traits between the wild and hatchery samples of the same species were greater than differences between the two species. The differences were most likely determined by differences in environmental conditions, although an effect of size variation could not be excluded completely (cultivated fish were somewhat smaller than wild fish). High plasticity of craniological traits should be taken into account when studying the taxonomy and evolution of salmonids.

This study examines how data-informed professional development can strengthen teacher assessment literacy amid the growing demands of the digital era. Using a qualitative design, the research combines library investigation and content analysis of scholarly literature published over the past decade related to digital assessment, teacher data literacy, and technology-supported instructional decision-making. Findings reveal that digital transformation in education requires teachers to master data interpretation skills, utilize technology-enhanced assessment tools, and develop ethical awareness regarding privacy and algorithmic bias. However, many teachers continue to face competency gaps, inadequate professional development, and challenges in integrating digital assessment practices effectively. The study highlights that meaningful professional development must be continuous, collaborative, evidence-based, and incorporate data literacy, AI literacy, and reflective pedagogical practice. Such an approach equips teachers to interpret complex data, design valid digital assessments, and make ethically responsible, evidence-driven instructional decisions. This research provides conceptual clarity and a foundation for designing comprehensive professional development frameworks aimed at enhancing teacher assessment literacy within rapidly evolving digital learning environments.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the virtual information and computer world and its formal logical representation in cyberspace as a result of universal digitalization. The problem of the degree of correspondence and adequacy of the virtual world to the real one that arose in the digital era is directly related to all human cognition and practice: science, socioculture and, of course, education and digital didactics. In essence, this is a global, methodological problem, indicating a paradigmatic transformation in education. As a result, the problem of interaction of the subject with the virtual world (VR) and cognition through it of the real world in terms of their effectiveness and safety arises and becomes more acute. The problem is also considered in the context of the formation of ICT competence in the subject; personal socio- and information culture; critical thinking and attitude to information; interaction of the subject with VR, excessive immersion in cyberspace and ways to overcome the technologization of thinking.

Introduction. To date, there are a number of relevant studies devoted to changes in the LPO-AOP system indicators in adolescents and young adults with migraine. However, specific quantitative data and relationships between LPO-AOP indicators and migraine require further study. The aim of the study was to evaluate migraine-specific LPO-AOZ indices in adolescents and their associations with age and gender of patients. Material and methods. The study included 104 adolescents aged 12–17 years (boys and girls), comprising 66 participants with migraine (index group) and 38 without migraine (comparison group). The diagnosis was verified using a standardized screening questionnaire in accordance with the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (ICHD-3), which allowed confirmation of migraine and exclusion of other primary headache disorders. Components of the lipid peroxidation–antioxidant defense (LPO–AOD) system were quantified by spectrophotometric methods. Data were processed in Statistica 12 (TIBCO/StatSoft). Results. Adolescents with migraine showed higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in both plasma and erythrocytes, alongside reduced erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Compared with controls, the migraine group contained a larger proportion of participants with elevated plasma and erythrocyte MDA and with diminished erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities, particularly SOD and catalase (CAT). Conclusion. Migraine in adolescents is associated with a higher concentration in plasma and red blood cells of the pro–oxidant component of oxidative stress – MDA and lower activity of the enzymatic link of antioxidant protection – SOD and CAT, which indicates a more pronounced intensity of oxidative stress in this contingent. Given the significant role of the imbalance of the POL-AOР system in the development of oxidative stress, the increase in MDA and decrease in SOD and CAT activity that we have identified can probably be regarded as metabolic markers of the presence and/or risk of migraine. This assumption can be confirmed by further research.

76 sequences of the cytb gene region of mitochondrial DNA (1143 bp) and 27 sequences of i7 β-fib nuclear DNA (483 bp) of Lacerta strigata from 57 localities in Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Iran, and Russia were analyzed. A large number of new samples were included in analysis with special focus to the species’ range at the Caucasus Isthmus. An identical topology and four supported clades (lineages) resulted for both mtDNA and sequences combined with nucleDNA (Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood). Four haplogroups (clusters) have been identified in the median cytb haplotype network. The lizards of clade A (haplogroup I) are widespread throughout the species range, while lizards of clade D (haplogroup IV) show the most limited distrubytion. No genetically unique populations of L. strigata were detected in the Caucasian xerophilous refugia. Also, no genetically distinct populations of the species were recorded in the Hyrcanian refugium (Southern Caspian region). An exception is the East Hyrcanian refugium, that is characterized by the most distant clade D (IV). The territory of Ciscaucasia and the Transcaucasian depression are occupied by a single clade each: A (I) and B (II), respectively. We detected several clades distributed in the four geographic areas (contact zones): in the Greater Caucasus, Alborz, Armenian Highland, and West Turkmenian Lowland. We associate the divergence of the L. strigata phylogenetic lineage with the Turkmen-Khorasan and, in particular, the Kopet Dag orogeny, as well as with the Late Miocene fluctuations in the level of the Eastern Paratethys, while the leading factor of intraspecific differentiation is the Pleistocene regressions and transgressions of the Caspian Sea. According to the current distribution pattern and species evolutionary history, L. strigata should be assigned to the Hyrcano-Caucasian zoogeographic group.

Data on the reproduction of the Transcaucasian viper in Dagestan are presented. This study was carried out in natural conditions and in captivity. To characterize clutches in nature, five females were captured after the mating period and then kept in a terrarium. The body length of females varied from 865 to 1040 mm. The number of eggs in clutches ranged from 12 to 24. The width of eggs in clutches averaged 36.8 ± 1.35; the diameter, 25.8 ± 0.21 mm; and the weight, 14.9 ± 0.13 g. Incubation under laboratory conditions lasted 40–45 days. The body length with the tail of the hatched juveniles was 226.5 ± 2.93 mm; the weight, 9.4 ± 0.29 g. A positive correlation was found between the body weight of breeding females and the number of eggs they laid. A comparison of the weight and metric data of Dagestan and Azerbaijani individuals was carried out.

This study reconstructs the trade relations between the Kumyk territories and the Russian Empire during the second half of the eighteenth century, utilizing archival materials from the Central State Archives of the Republic of Dagestan, specifically Collection No. 379, “Kizlyar Commandant.” The exploration of trade and economic interactions between the Russian Empire and the peoples of the North Caucasus remains a central focus within Russian Caucasus studies. Although existing scholarship has primarily addressed Russian trade and economic relations with the region in broad terms, detailed analyses of interactions with specific ethnic groups, such as the Kumyks, remain limited. This article seeks to address this scholarly gap. Employing both historical and logical research methodologies, the study ensures an objective and rigorous examination of Russian-Kumyk trade relations in their historical development. The historical method facilitates a reliable reconstruction of these relations, while the logical method enables the formulation of conclusions and generalizations. The analysis reveals that, by the second half of the eighteenth century, Russian-Kumyk trade relations had evolved to a qualitatively new stage, laying the groundwork for the Kumyk territories’ incorporation into the Russian Empire. The study concludes that: first, the integration of Kumyk polities into the Russian Empire was significantly driven by robust Russian-Kumyk trade ties and the alignment of their economic interests; second, the incorporation of the Kumyk territories into the Russian economic sphere substantially enhanced the region’s economic vitality, elevating it to a new developmental level; and third, through strategic and pragmatic economic engagement with the Kumyk polities, Russia not only solidified its economic influence in the region but also initiated political penetration, ultimately leading to Dagestan’s complete integration into the Russian Empire. Close trade connections between the Kumyk polities and Russia played a pivotal role in fostering the irreversible trend toward integration into Russia’s economic, political, and cultural spheres.

We investigated the evolution of ionization fronts and the formation of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) in a nanosecond argon discharge with an extended hollow cathode. The calculations are performed using the Monte Carlo method at different stages of the discharge process. We describe the Monte Carlo method for calculating of the EEDF in a nanosecond pulse discharge. The results of the EEDF calculations for various stages of the discharge process at a gas pressure of 10 Torr and different distances from the bottom of the cathode cavity are presented. It is demonstrated that high-energy electrons with an energy exceeding 500 eV are generated during the discharge in this work.

Introduction. Heavy metals (HM) can accumulate in the human body and affect its health, including causing hypertension. The aim of the study was to establish a relationship between the content of lead, cadmium, manganese, and nickel in soil and whole blood in patients with the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) among the adult population of the Kizilyurt region of Dagestan. Materials and methods. Soil sampling was carried out from sites with a homogeneous soil cover, from which mixed soil samples were taken. In each locality, ten soil samples were taken. Whole blood was taken from 10 patients from each 11 localities, from a total of 110 participants aged 18 to 60 years with hypertension pathology. Soil and whole blood analyses for TM content, in 3-fold repetition were performed using atomic absorption spectrometry on an MGA-915MD instrument. Linear regression models were used to study the relationship between HM and AH indicators of the population. The data obtained were processed using Python software (version 3.10.9), K. (version 4.1.2), and the Statistica 6.0 software package. Statistical significance was determined as a p value of less than 0.05. Results. Accumulation of lead in the soils of settlements in the Kizilyurt region was found to vary from 8 mg/kg to 41 mg/kg, which is equivalent to 0.13–0.68 of maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of the mobile form of this element. The content of cadmium is 0.87, manganese is 0.89, and nickel is 0.14 MPC. Statistical analysis of the HM content in the soils of the studied area and data on the prevalence of AH indicates to a direct relationship between the weak strength for cadmium, manganese, nickel and the noticeable strength for lead on the Chaddock scale. When analyzing the whole blood in patients with hypertension, a statistically significant association of lead and cadmium levels with pathology was also found to be of medium and high strength. Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to one-time sampling during one year. Conclusion. This study showed a significant relationship between TM levels and the prevalence of hypertension. The level of TM in the soil can play a significant role in the etiology of hypertension, which indicates a significant impact of the geochemical environment on its development. Therefore, it is important to take into account the content of HMS in soils, since they can enter the human body through the food chain and accumulate, affecting its elemental status.