Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University

The liver plays a vital role in regulating normal physiological processes in the body. Liver dysfunction can lead to mild to severe pathological conditions and, in some cases, death. To date, more than 900 drugs, toxins, and herbs have been identified with the potential to cause various liver diseases, including acute liver damage, cholestatic jaundice, hepatic granulomas, active chronic hepatitis, and hepatic tumors. A wide range of liver dysfunction results from drug consumption and is referred to as drug-induced liver injury (DILI). DILI significantly contributes to the immediate withdrawal of drugs from the mar-ket. Due to its numerous advantages, the oral route has long been the preferred method of drug administration, although these medicines increase the risk of liver damage. Novel drug delivery approaches, such as the lymphatic drug delivery system and lipid-based nanofor-mulations-including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers-can bypass the liver, reducing the toxic effects of various drugs. Therefore, SLNs represent a promising strategy for lymphatic drug delivery, particularly for hepatocompromised pa-tients and those taking hepatotoxic drugs. This review summarizes how lymphatic drug delivery systems and lipid-based nanoformulations can benefit hepatocompromised pa-tients and individuals on hepatotoxic medications.

Pharmacological treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), a disorder that affects emotions and mental health and is thought to be therapeutically deficient, either appear to have a number of adverse effects or cause patients to not take their medications as directed. The effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatments for PTSD-related anxiety, depression, and trauma-related discomfort is examined in the current systematic review. Fifty-five relevant studies that reported on the randomized controlled trials and metaanalyses published between 2008 and 2025 were found through a thorough search of a total of 12 databases. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), laughter therapy, acupuncture, dietary modifications, and yoga are among the interventions of interest that were studied. The severity of PTSD symptoms has been reported to be reliably reduced by MBSR, CBT, and EMDR; some trials of MBSR and CBT have shown improvements of up to 45%. Acupuncture, yoga, and laughter therapy all demonstrated positive impacts; the outcomes varied significantly. Dietary and lifestyle changes appeared to help stabilize mental health, but further research is needed. Results highlight the benefits of non-pharmacological therapies as highly effective and preferable PTSD treatment options, especially for individuals who are sensitive to pharmacotherapy. The strongest, most reliable results were obtained by MBSR and CBT in particular, highlighting the significance of cognitive restructuring and present-moment concentration. While nutrition, yoga, acupuncture, and laughter therapy all contributed to stress alleviation or emotional regulation, EMDR was particularly effective at processing memories without the requirement for verbalization. These tactics encourage resilience, self-control, and empowerment, but future research must address methodological variation, sample size, and intervention standardization. Non-pharmacological approaches offer promising complementary or standalone strategies for PTSD management. Further large-scale, standardized trials are warranted to strengthen the evidence base and optimize treatment protocols.

Novel technology in microemulsion has gained increased attention in the new pharmaceutical scene due to its extensive applications and unique features that can greatly improve the therapeutic action. Microemulsions have been defined as thermodynamically stable, low-viscosity liquid blends of oil, water, and surfactants, typically supplemented with co-surfactants to enhance stability and function. This review attempts to provide a complete overview of the recent developments in microemulsion technology with special emphasis on formulation approach, characterization techniques, and drug solubilization processes behind their action. The discussion has been expanded to the applications of microemulsions in various areas of pharmaceutical science, such as advanced drug delivery systems, new topical formulations, and Nanoemulsion development. Further, the review also extracts the potential of microemulsions to significantly increase the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, facilitate targeted delivery to anatomical locations, and enhance patient compliance through improved therapeutic approaches. This critical appraisal not only highlights recent scientific advances in microemulsion technology but also extracts worthy potential for future research and innovative development in the emerging pharmaceutical sector. While such are the promising attributes, microemulsion technology is plagued by a couple of challenges, including formulation difficulty, toxicity of components, scaling-up difficulty, and issues of long-term stability, which need to be addressed for broader industrial and clinical applications. In delineating such facets, it is hoped that the review will trigger further exploration and applications of microemulsions in the resolution of drug delivery and formulation science issues of the day.

This study documents the tri-trophic diversity of aphids, their parasitoids, and host plants in Manipur, where 50 aphidiine species (Braconidae) parasitise 44 aphid species on 82 host plants, forming 230 associations. This represents nearly one-third of the 157 aphidiine species recorded from India, underscoring significant contribution of Manipur to national parasitoid diversity. Marked interspecific variation in host breadth was observed. Several parasitoids, including Aphidius avenae, Aphidius colemani, Aphidius hortensis, Aphidius matricariae, Aphidius urticae, Binodoxys acalephae, Diaeretiella rapae, Ephedrus plagiator, and Lipolexis oregmae, exhibited broad host ranges, parasitising 5–11 aphid species across multiple host plants and contributing substantially to overall tri-trophic diversity. Aphidius matricariae emerged as the most polyphagous species, whereas Diaeretiella rapae showed strong associations with brassica-infesting aphids. Among aphids, Aphis gossypii supported the highest parasitoid richness (24 species) and formed 67 tri-trophic associations, followed by Myzus persicae with 14 parasitoid species and 40 associations. Host plants differed markedly in supporting aphid–parasitoid networks, with Brassica oleracea var. capitata and Solanum melongena serving as key tri-trophic hubs, while most plants sustained simpler associations. The complex network is driven largely by a few polyphagous parasitoids regulating aphids, alongside many host-specific species enhancing stability. The documented diversity highlights the ecological and applied importance of aphidiine parasitoids in integrated pest management and sustainable agroecosystem functioning in Manipur.

Beyond the confines of clinical environments, the developing threat to public health due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), is also being affected by the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural soils. These genes are carried by bacteria found in the soil which receive a nutrient boost from large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer used in global agricultural production. However, there is still considerable uncertainty about the role of nitrogen fertilizer in altering the soil's genetic makeup and its ability to support resistant bacterial populations. Therefore, this systematic review examined the relationships between nitrogen (N) fertilization practices and the amount and type of antibiotic resistance genes present in agricultural soils using data from 47 relevant scientific publications that include field experiments, mechanistic studies, and metagenomics analysis. Using meta-analyses to compare the effects of various types of nitrogen fertilizers, differing application rates, and varying methods of fertilization on the characteristics of soil bacterial communities and their genetic resistance capacity, the results show that the use of either ammonium or nitrate forms of nitrogen affect the composition of the resistome in soil, promote the accumulation of multi-drug resistance genes, and increase the horizontal gene transfer capacity. Further, changes in the composition of soil microbial communities driven by nitrogen fertilizers provide an environment conducive to the accumulation and spread of resistance genes through mobile genetic elements. This review emphasizes that sustainable agricultural intensification will require an understanding of nitrogen's role as an environmental selective pressure that increases antibiotic resistance beyond clinical usage. The data provided here suggest that current fertilization practices are potentially generating an optimal environment for the proliferation of resistance genes with important implications for food security, environmental health, and human medicine.

<title>Abstract</title> The full text of this preprint has been withdrawn by the authors as it was submitted and made public without the full consent of all the authors. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as a reference. Questions should be directed to the corresponding author.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess remarkable properties, fundamentally governed by the transition between curvature-induced structural distortions (partial ) and planar ( ) hybridization. We present a detailed computational investigation into the atomic structure of armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with chiral indices (n,n) ranging from (3,3) to (11,11). Using ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations, we precisely quantify a direct, quasi-linear structural transition from increased character to character that is quantitatively dictated by the relief of nanotube curvature (i.e., increasing radius). Our results demonstrate how average bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles regularly evolve as the radius increases, revealing how diminishing curvature drives the progressive convergence toward ideal planar geometry. Crucially, we uncover a noticeable odd-even pattern in the incremental change of radius across the series, indicating precise, localized bond relaxations under strain. These findings provide unprecedented quantitative insights into how fundamental bond parameters dictate hybridization shifts in curved carbon systems, establishing a clearer understanding of the intrinsic flexibility of CNTs for advanced quantum electronics, spintronics, and next-generation materials science. The initial geometries of armchair SWCNTs with chiral indices (n,n) from (3,3) to (11,11) were generated using the Avogadro molecular builder. Subsequently, ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) calculations were performed to fully optimize the geometries using the Gaussian09 software with the 6-31G basis set. Structural parameters like average bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles were extracted from the optimized structures to quantify the curvature-induced deviations from ideal geometry.