Deutsches Historisches Institut Washington

The use of advanced thermoplastics in aircraft applications is steadily increasing due to their excellent mechanical strength and thermal stability. This study investigates Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polyphenylene Sulfide (CF/PPS) composites utilising a 5-Harness Satin (HS) fabric. Quasi-isotropic laminates with two different thicknesses underwent a thermoforming process at varying tool temperatures. The objective is to evaluate the effect of the degree of crystallinity (DOC) on the mechanical properties, specifically Impact Strength and Interlaminar Shear Strength (ILSS), as well as on thermal properties through Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The results show that the DOC of CF/PPS in both 6- and 8-ply samples led to an improvement of over 50% in impact strength. Furthermore, ILSS increased by 15.3% and 10.38% at tool temperatures of 170°C and 160°C for the 6 plies and 8 plies laminates, respectively. TGA analysis after stamping indicated improved thermal stability with higher residual content, suggesting enhanced char formation. Lastly, for DSC results, DOC demonstrated 22.8% crystallinity after the thermoforming process, further supporting the correlation between DOC and mechanical performance.

Various supported metal catalysts have been developed to immobilize and stabilize metal species with small sizes and high dispersity. A hierarchical branch-like metal–organic frameworks (MOF) with nanosized branches and empty space between its building units facilitates the accession of substrates to metal active sites and the loading of nanoparticles, which make it an ideal carrier for developing supported metal nanocatalysts due to its high catalytic activity and load capacity. Herein, a Ag nanoparticle-loaded hierarchical CoZn-MOF (AgCZM) with enhanced peroxidase (POD)-like activity was prepared for the sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) assay. To prepare AgCZM, a pine-needle-cluster-like CoZn-MOF with POD-like activity was synthesized first via a one-pot solvothermal method. Then, the high-loaded CoZn-MOF-supported Ag nanoparticle catalyst for boosting its activity was synthesized by simply mixing CoZn-MOF and AgNO3 in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) aqueous solution without using strong reducing agents, thereby enabling CoZn-MOF to retain its hierarchical structure. Further, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during AgCZM-based and CoZn-MOF-based catalytic decomposition of H2O2 were verified and compared via scavenger experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests, and the possible AgCZM-based luminol CL mechanism was explored. To validate the feasibility of the AgCZM-based CL assay, a CL system consisting of luminol, H2O2, and AgCZM was fabricated for dopamine (DA) detection with a negative response signal. The proposed AgCZM-based CL assay exhibited good linearities at low (5–125 nM) and high (0.625–1.75 μM) DA concentrations with detection limits of 3.91 and 73.87 nM, respectively.

Roads generate, amplify and symbolise power relations.State-sponsored infrastructure systems such as the Roman Via Appia, Qin China's road network or the pre-Columbian Inca roads all were meant to serve as instruments of spatial and social transformation.Roads direct human movement, thereby reshaping both mobility and the space through which they cut, including by providing authorities with the means to carry governance upcountry. 1 The road, if we follow Michel Foucault, is a 'crystallization of state power' . 2 This perception is backed by the laden symbolism of roadways in history.Not only are roads prime spaces for protest, but their very materiality is political as well.Since at least the July Revolution of 1830, revolutionaries in Paris and elsewhere have repeatedly dug up paving stones to use them as weapons.Art historian Kathrin Rottmann contends that the act of 'removing the orderly arranged paving stones symbolized an attack on the established political order' . 3 The barricades, which were set up on a large scale for the first time during this revolution, also served to strip the authorities of their monopoly on mobility. 4 Roadblocks have since developed into an effective form of protest.Recently, German climate activists sparked national outrage by enforcing 1 James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, CT:

This history of early modern news focuses on news itself rather than specific material forms. Centering on movement through different media, time, and place, it makes the case for a truly comparative, pan-European history of news. After the Introduction, the second section, News Moves, explores how we think about and research news culture and news communication, demonstrating movement is more important than static forms. The third, News Sings, focuses on news ballads, comparing actors, publics, music, and soundscapes of ballad singing in several European cities, highlighting the central role of immaterial elements, such as sound, music and voice. The fourth, News Counts, argues that seeing news the way a machine might read it—through its metadata—is one way of moving beyond form, allowing us to find surprising commonalities in news cultures which differ greatly in both time and place.

Abstract In the 1950s and 1960s, ‘cultural uplifting’ of women in the Global South went hand in hand with the mantra of socio-economic development. This essay contends that the Iberian empires followed the general path set by international bodies and other European colonial powers, notwithstanding their cultural and ideological peculiarities. The sustained focus on the relationship between the violent socio-economic changes and the cultural transformations of African societies during the Portuguese colonial wars in Angola and Mozambique (1961–1974) and Spain’s oft-forgotten imperial War in Ifni-Sahara (1957–1958) allows us to assess the interrelated and gendered processes of forced resettlement and community development schemes in the Portuguese and Spanish territories during periods of armed conflict. Furthermore, this essay highlights the remarkable analogies between conceptions of women’s roles in society held by the Angolan and Mozambican revolutionary nationalists and the Iberian colonizers. In order to support the revolution, African women were once again called on to transmit cultural values to the next generation. By juxtaposing revolutionaries’ notions of women’s roles in the envisaged independent societies with the Portuguese and Spanish imperial projects, both continuity and revolutionary rupture become visible. Overall, the essay shows that concepts of ‘women’s advancement’ did not evolve in isolation, but in a broader context of war and violence.

In this chapter, the effects of the clergy’s movement along the Asia-bound religious itinerary on disputes over royal patronage in New Spain are examined. The chapter first explores how the route between Spain and Southeast Asia turned into a standardized itinerary. Attention is then shifted to disputes caused by the clergy’s movements along this route and the meaning the category of criollo acquired in them. Delving further into the uses of the logic of assessment, the chapter explores how the qualities of New Spain and its creole inhabitants were celebrated by clergymen with varying agendas. The chapter argues that the positive assessment of both from someone like the Spanish Augustinian Rodrigo Aganduru Moriz were the result of his efforts to defend the role of creole friars during the evangelization in Asia. Although Moriz’s celebrations mirrored those of creole clergymen, his aim of attracting friars to Asia actually collided with the interests of a considerable segment of the local clergy. Finally, the chapter uses the celebrations of Felipe de Jesús, one of the Nagasaki martyrs, to reconsider how the criollo identity was operationalized in struggles over the distribution of privileges and honors.

Heritage is a significant tributary of learning and knowledge acquisition in modern communities. Heritage research is of many advantages. It could pave the way to evaluate the past, learn from its mistakes, and benefit from its positive aspects to build the future successfully. This research aims to examine the most important theoretical frameworks that deal with the subject, derive a correct intellectual model in dealing with the heritage text, and highlight the most prominent academic problems and obstacles that prevent the proper dealing with the heritage text in understanding and acquisition. This research uses a comparative approach to assess three intellectual models, extract their key characteristics, and analyze each model, enabling a comprehensive comparison highlighting their most significant features. The results of this study: 1. The most important theoretical frameworks that deal with the heritage of Arabic text are the models of Abed Aljabri, Fahmī Jadʻān, and Ṭāhā ʻAbd al-Raḥmān. 2 The model of Ṭāhā ʻAbd al-Raḥmān is the accurate and comprehensive intellectual framework for dealing with the heritage text. 3. The most prominent academic problems and obstacles that hinder a proper understanding and acquisition of the heritage text are the issue of methodology and objectivity, the challenge of avoiding preconceived notions, and the utilization of pre-existing theoretical and methodological frameworks without considering the unique nature of the text.

Use of three topical antiseptic compounds—benzalkonium chloride (BAC), benzethonium chloride (BZT), and chloroxylenol (PCMX)—has recently increased because of the phaseout of other antimicrobial ingredients (such as triclosan) in soaps and other disinfecting and sanitizing products. Further, use of sanitizing products in general increased during the coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic. We assessed the environmental safety of BAC, BZT, and PCMX based on best available environmental fate and effects data from the scientific literature and privately held sources. The ecological exposure assessment focused on aquatic systems receiving effluent from wastewater‐treatment plants (WWTPs) and terrestrial systems receiving land‐applied WWTP biosolids. Recent exposure levels were characterized based on environmental monitoring data supplemented by modeling, while future exposures were modeled based on a hypothetical triclosan replacement scenario. Hazard profiles were developed based on acute and chronic studies examining toxicity to aquatic life (fish, invertebrates, algae, vascular plants) and terrestrial endpoints (plants, soil invertebrates, and microbial functions related to soil fertility). Risks to higher trophic levels were not assessed because these compounds are not appreciably bioaccumulative. The risk analysis indicated that neither BZT nor PCMX in any exposure media is likely to cause adverse ecological effects under the exposure scenarios assessed in the present study. Under these scenarios, total BAC exposures are at least three times less than estimated effect thresholds, while margins of safety for freely dissolved BAC are estimated to be greater than an order of magnitude. Because the modeling did not specifically account for COVID‐19 pandemic–related usage, further environmental monitoring is anticipated to understand potential changes in environmental exposures as a result of increased antiseptic use. The analysis presented provides a framework to interpret future antiseptic monitoring results, including monitoring parameters and modeling approaches to address bioavailability of the chemicals of interest. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3095–3115. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Epidemic Cities provides an overview of the history of epidemics through a particular focus on a range of cities in different regions of the world. The dual focus on both epidemics and specific cities provides an unusual perspective on global history: the analysis of globally circulating epidemics enables reconstructing a variety of wide-reaching entanglements, on the one hand. On the other hand, the concentration with specific urban settings highlights differences and the unevenness engendered by global entanglements. After an introduction concerning the history of the relationship between medicine, epidemics, and cities, the book focuses on the history of three epidemic diseases and how they affected Paris, Buenos Aires, Hong Kong, Bombay, and Baltimore. The timings of major pandemics punctuate the structure of the book: cholera pandemics from the 1830s to the late nineteenth century, bubonic plague at the turn of the twentieth century, and finally tuberculosis until the mid-twentieth century.