Directed Energy Solutions (United States)

Space electronics face two categories of radiation risk: Total dose exposure that results in gradual degradation of the part over time and Single Event Effects which, as is given by the name, are effects that can result from a single particle event. Pulsed laser systems have been used as a substitute for accelerator systems for single event effects testing. In this work the single event effects of four different devices under both heavy ion and pulsed laser are compared. The intent is to show that pulsed laser techniques can be used to induce the same sort of effects seen under heavy ion irradiation.

Impulse radiating antennas, proposed by C. E. Baum in 1989 [1], allow to generate impulse-like, broadband, high-amplitude electromagnetic fields. Applications include electromagnetic compatibility testing and remote sensing [2,3]. Analytical and semi-analytical expressions for the electric and magnetic fields emitted by such antennas are challenging to obtain because of the broadband nature of the signals and the interactions between fields, reflectors, feeder plates, and matching resistors. Analytical formulas can be obtained by integration of the tangential electric field on the antenna aperture [1], later completed by the inclusion of the prepulse [4] (that is, the spurious radiation of the feeder plates) and the diffraction of the feeder plates [5]. An analytical formula for the near- and far-fields valid in the boresight cone was presented in [6]. Ad hoc formulas valid everywhere have been developed, notably for impulse-radiating antennas fed by transverse-electromagnetic coplanar plates [7]. However, analytical models that both incorporate the prepulse and are valid outside the aperture of the antenna have not yet been developed.

This paper reviews some of the carbon dioxide utilization/processing technologies in light of the many announced projects for carbon capture at the stack of cement plants. Cement being a hard to abate industry due to the calcination process that releases CO2 in addition to the combustion component of it.•I - Introduction and Forewords: why CO2 utilization, will it move the needle, the specificities of the Cement (and Lime) Industries•II – What is CO2 utilization, and does it make sense?•III - CCUS, DAC, CDR, Differences between sequestration and utilization•IV – CO2 current utilization, including Enhanced Oil Recovery•V - Above ground Accelerated Mineralization/ Carbonation,•VI - CO2 to fuels or chemicals (precursors), Methanation, and beyond.•VII - Photosynthesis, (micro)algae•VIII – Other CO2 utilization technologies•IX - Does it really matter to the cement plants? Will the cement companies take a passive or active role in CCU(S). Key points to consider:•X - Conclusions

This paper continues to explore the journey toward decarbonation of the cement industry, at the plant level, from the point of view of the additional energy requirement that will be required and how projects might be handled by external companies. It references to previously written articles and presentation:•Microgrid for Cement Plants - based on IEEE PCA 2019 St Louis – May 2019•Microgrid for Cement Plants, the Hydrogen parameter - IEEE PCA 2021 virtual - May 2021•The (In)direct Electrification of the Cement Industry: The Contribution of Waste Heat Recovery Projects. – IEEE PCA 2022 – Las Vegas May 2022We look – through their sustainability reports - at the global strategy of some major cement groups and how many of them are extending their businesses both vertically and horizontally. However, the focus is on the practical ways these cement companies will realize their carbon neutrality objectives by 2050, following the guidelines and announcements of the trade organization such as the PCA, Cembureau, FICEM, GCCA, … In other words, translating lofty goals into actual projects, especially those "lower hanging fruit" to be realized by 2030.We review the massive future electricity demand for a cement plant to decarbonize, from the oxy-combustion route that would require an ASU air separation unit, to the hydrogen route that would require electrolyzers, to the various carbon capture technologies themselves, including CO2 purification compression, liquefaction, but primarily to the "carbon capture flue gas readiness" that will require new APC investment to allow and optimize carbon capture projects to actually be realized.As a result of all those none-core up-coming requirements, the amount of resources, expertise, time, CAPEX to be needed is such that it is likely that third-party companies the so-called EaaS [Energy as a Service] or Decarbonation [DaaS] or Resilience aaS [RaaS] or even Environmental Compliance [ECaaS] will actually execute those projects. Some current and past projects will be used to illustrate this trend.

The way electricity is generated and consumed in the US is quickly changing, including in terms of the rapid growth in variable power generation resources and the need for large-scale investments to replace aging infrastructure and modernize the grid. Buildings that coordinate electricity use with grid conditions are a flexible and cost-effective resource to address the evolving power system challenges. Outfitted with smart technologies, GEBs are energy-efficient buildings with smart technologies characterized by the active use of distributed energy resources to optimize energy use for grid services, occupant needs and preferences, and cost reductions in a continuous and integrated way. In doing so, GEBs can play a key role in promoting greater affordability, resilience, environmental performance, and reliability. The report finds that, over the next two decades, GEBs could deliver between $100 and $200 billion in savings to the US power system and cut CO2 emissions by 80 million tons per year by 2030, or 6% of total power sector CO2 emissions. The report also provides 14 recommendations for addressing the top barriers to overcome barriers to GEB adoption and deployment.

Quantum tunneling by field emission from nanoscale features or sharp field emission structures for which the anode-cathode gap is nanometers in scale (“nano diodes”) experience strong deviations from the planar image charge lowered tunneling barrier used in the Murphy and Good formulation of the Fowler-Nordheim equation. These deviations alter the prediction of total current from a curved surface. Modifications to the emission barrier are modeled using a hyperbolic (prolate spheroidal) geometry to determine the trajectories along which the Gamow factor in a WKB-like treatment is undertaken; a quadratic equivalent potential is determined, and a method of shape factors is used to evaluate the corrected total current from a protrusion or wedge geometry.

Ce livre fait partie d'un projet pilote de publication de livres numriques en libre accs, en collaboration avec la Direction

We developed a cryogenically cooled Yb:YAG laser as the pump beam for a pulsed Raman laser based on CVD grown diamond crystals. The Q-switched cryogenic Yb-doped YAG 1030 nm pump laser delivered 340 W at 40 kHz with diffraction-limited beam quality, with an optical efficiency of 80%. The record average power of 24.5 W was generated from the Raman laser at 1193 nm. Modeling of the performance confirmed the corresponding Raman gain coefficient, 13.5 cm/GW. The laser was operated at room temperature and under cryogenic cooling at 77 K, with equal performance.

We report a pulsed Raman laser at 1193 nm based on synthetic diamond crystals with a record output power of 24.5 W and a slope efficiency of 57%. We compared the performance of an anti-reflection coated crystal at normal incidence with a Brewster cut sample. Raman oscillation was achieved at both room temperature and under cryogenic operation at 77 K. Modeling of these experiments allowed us to confirm the value of Raman gain coefficient of diamond, which was found to be 13.5 ± 2.0 cm/GW for a pump wavelength of 1030 nm.