Division of Fossil Fuels Energy

O presente artigo é resultado da disciplina de Processos Pictóricos e Teoria da cor, realizada na Universidade do Vale do Paraíba no ano de 2023. Teve como objetivo analisar se a adição de pigmentos à uma cor pura, impacta significativamente a percepção sobre a mensagem transmitida de uma determinada cena, tal como podendo torná-la mais doce, agressiva ou melancólica, além de estudar como os subtons se comportam ao serem diluídos e misturados. A metodologia da pesquisa envolveu um estudo teórico sobre cores a partir de Eva Heller, análise de obras de Pablo Picasso, análise da cor magenta e suas variantes, seleção de imagens como referência, testes cromáticos em formato digital e sobre papel e por fim, pinturas sobre tela. Com a pesquisa foi possível produzir seis pinturas em tela, nas cores magenta, vermelha e roxa. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de tinta branca propõe resultados diferentes quando somada ao subtom de uma cor, há dificuldade em trazer o aspecto luminoso de cores não primárias, a variação de cores interfere na percepção de luz e sombra de uma imagem e que os aspectos emocionais da cor alteram com a adição de diferentes cores, no caso, a azul e a amarela. Palavras-chave: Percepção visual. Teoria da cor. Tinta acrílica. Subtom.

Microseismic monitoring is the observation technique of small earthquakes, called microseismic events, which occur in the ground as a result of human activities or industrial processes such as hydraulic fracturing. In this study author presents the application of different downhole array to investigate uncertainties in the estimated locations of microseismic event.

A technoeconomic study of the production of coal-water fuel slurry for internal combustion engines and thermal power plants was performed. Based on the accumulated experimental data, it was found that, in the calculations of the fuel efficiency of coal-water slurries, the production costs were incorrectly taken into account; this led to a doubtful conclusion that the replacement of petroleum fuel oil and gas by the slurries is technically and economically feasible. Considerable expenses of the development of a technology for the production and transportation of coal-water fuels were not compensated in a number of countries. Conditions for the profitability of the preparation and use of coal-water suspensions in internal combustion engines and at thermal power plants were formulated.

It was demonstrated that the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and other pollutants can be decreased by combining operating practices and chemical methods: the combustion of fuel oil as an oil-water emulsion and the low-temperature noncatalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with the use of a special activating additive. For the first time, a decrease in the NOx content of gas mixtures by 60–90% at a temperature of 400–500°C without the use of catalysts was found.

The average concentrations of trace elements in coals from the South Fergana, North Sos’va, Kizelovsk, South Yakutian, Transbaikalia, Pechora, and Zyryansk deposits and some deposits of the Kuznetsk and Primor’e Basins are compared. The degrees of trace element concentration were calculated both on a total coal weight basis (Q i ) for individual basins and on a mineral matter basis (Q ) with reference to Clarke numbers in clay rocks. Ratios between the concentrations of typomorphic trace elements on a coal mineral matter basis were calculated for the deposits of basins with different geologic-geochemical formation conditions (X ); the concentration ratios between the pairs of typomorphic trace elements in the considered coal basins (Z i ) were also calculated. Typomorphic elements are the trace elements with Q i > 1.4 or Q > 2. Coal basins of different origin have different numbers of typomorphic trace elements calculated in terms of the parameter Q i and, to a lesser degree, the parameter Q . Coal basins differ considerably from each other in both the ratios between the average concentrations of the same trace element in the mineral matter of coal (parameter X ) and the ratios between the concentrations of two different trace elements (parameter Z i ). In the basins under discussion, the mineral matter of coals from formations created in areal rift genesis regions, in particular, Triassic-Jurassic coals and, to a lesser degree, Carboniferous coals, are enriched in trace elements to the greatest extent. Coals from subgeosynclinal formations have a maximum number of typomorphic trace elements (in terms of the average concentrations in the mineral matter), practically the majority of the test elements with the exception of Nb, Sn, Ni, and Sc. Coals from young mobile platforms are characterized by a similar number of typomorphic trace elements with the exception of Nb, Zn, Y, and Yb. Coals from geosynclinal formations have a somewhat smaller set of typomorphic trace elements, whereas a minimum number of typomorphic elements is characteristic of coals from platform basins.

The manufacture of motor fuels and chemical products remains a problem of considerable current interest both in Russia and abroad. The 2000s are characterized by a new stage in the development of hydrogenation processes for the conversion of coals into motor fuels. The review summarizes the recent results of research and development works performed at the Institute for Fossil Fuels concerning the improvement and intensification of domestic coal hydrogenation technology under a hydrogen pressure of 6–10 MPa.

Data on the transformation of the structure and properties of Donets Basin anthracites during the course of carbonization and graphitization processes induced by thermal treatment to 2800°C are presented. The relationship between the parameters of the formation of the thermoanthracite and thermographite structure from anthracites with different degrees of metamorphism—changes in the interlayer spacing, the crystallite size, and the preferred-orientation parameter—has been analyzed. The interaction of thermoanthracites with coal-tar pitch has been considered, and the thermoanthracite and thermographite obtained from Donets Basin anthracites under industrial conditions have been characterized.

The algorithms and results of molecular modeling of the structure and (physicochemical and processing) properties of coal organic matter (COM) and its components (macerals) based on two approaches, (1) a generalized model of the COM structure and (2) the concept of a self-associated multimer in the COM structure of have been presented. A set of structural parameters characterizing the molecules of organic and hetero-organic compounds that simulate the structure of coals is used in the first approach, and the structure of the organic substance of coal in the second approach is treated as a mixture of superimposed individual components with known values of the properties of interest reflecting the structural features of the organic matter and elemental composition of coal.

The quantitative characteristics of methods proposed for decreasing the greenhouse effect of CO2, CH4, and NO x formed in the production and combustion of solid, liquid, and gas fuels are compared: change from the combustion of one type of fuel to another; the pumping of CO2 into aquatic environments, underground voids and lakes, and coal and gas-bearing (oil-bearing) beds; the chemisorption of CO2 by rocks; the combustion and utilization of coalmine and associated methane; and photosynthesis. Parameters were proposed for evaluating the relative efficiency of well-known methods for decreasing the anthropogenic green-house effect of these gases.

The theoretical and experimental studies carried out at the Institute for Fossil Fuels during recent years in the modernization of hydrogenation technologies for coal conversion into a liquid fuel under low hydrogen pressure (10 MPa for bituminous coals and 6 MPa for a number of brown coals) are surveyed. These studies are based on the advances of catalysis science and on the current concepts of the hydrogenation of organic compounds and coal multimer. The capacity and cost efficiency of a coal chemical enterprise in the commercialization of the technology are substantiated.