Don State Technical University

в статье анализируется система правового регулирования государственной поддержки семей, материнства и детства в России как многоуровневый комплекс норм, включающий конституционные положения, федеральное, региональное и муниципальное законодательство, а также международные обязательства государства. Установлено, что, несмотря на развитую нормативную базу и широкий спектр мер поддержки, регулирование остаётся фрагментарным, неоднородным и недостаточно адаптированным к современным социально-экономическим и демографическим вызовам. Обосновывается необходимость перехода к более целостной, кодифицированной и риск-ориентированной модели правового регулирования, ориентированной на реальные потребности семей с детьми и усиление превентивного характера государственной поддержки.

The development of a new working tool for deep soil loosening requires a comprehensive approach to determining its design parameters and operating modes, based on interrelated and harmonized dependencies. The design process must account not only for the geometry of the tool itself but also for the heterogeneous physical and mechanical properties of the soil environment. It is also essential to ensure stable operation and achieve the required quality of work and energy efficiency of the technological process. ( Research purpose ) The aim of this study is to develop an anti-erosion deep soil loosener capable of bringing soil clods to the surface. ( Materials and methods ) The newly designed working tool is designed for primary tillage and deep loosening of soil to depths exceeding 25 centimeters, without inverting the soil layer. During anti-erosion treatment, it simultaneously forms molelike channels. A schematic diagram is presented to illustrate the interaction between the working tool and the soil. ( Results and discussion ) The scientific novelty of the study lies in establishing dependencies that describe the relationship between the tool’s design parameters and its operating modes during its interaction with the soil. These dependencies form the basis for developing an engineering method for calculating the tool, which is implemented in the form of reinforced bars that interact with the soil surface. The study also substantiates the mechanism of soil layer displacement and identifies the potential disruption modes, including the formation of secondary fracture planes that occur during the upward movement of the soil layer. ( Conclusions ) The parameters and operating modes of the working tool of the new deep soil loosener have been determined. To initiate effective soil descent, the clearance between the bars should not exceed 50 millimeters. For optimal soil clod trajectory, the shape of the bars should follow a first-order brachistochrone curve (a cycloid). The bar length of the working tool ranges from 0 to 0.4 meters, depending on soil conditions and operational requirements.

Currently, one of the major trends in the construction industry is the creation of structures with increased strength and durability. The solution is the use of nanomaterials as modifiers for cementitious composites. The aim of this study is to produce concretes with a variable structure modified with a combination of aluminum oxide (NA) and titanium oxide (NT) nanoparticles with improved properties. A variatropic structure is characterized by differences in properties across the cross-section of the material. Concretes were produced using vibration (V), centrifugation (C), and vibrocentrifugation (VC) technologies. Modification was carried out with NA particles from 0% to 4.0% in increments of 1.0% and NT from 0% to 2.0% in increments of 0.5% of the binder mass. Through experimental study, the impact of combined nanomodification on the compressive strength, water absorption, and frost resistance of concrete created with different technologies was investigated. The most effective modification dosages with NA and NT particles were determined to be 2% and 1%. The determination of concrete properties and the statistical processing of experimental results were carried out in accordance with the requirements of standardized methods. Compared to control samples, the maximum compressive strengths for V, C, and VC concretes were 12.4%, 17.5%, and 20.3% higher, reaching 48.9 MPa, 58.4 MPa, and 62.9 MPa, respectively. The lowest water absorptions for V, C, and VC concretes were 5.21%, 4.24%, and 3.76%, which are 18.5%, 24.4%, and 29.2% lower than those of the control samples. After a series of freeze-thaw cycles-6 for V, 8 for C, and 10 for VC-the losses in compressive strength and mass of the nanomodified composites were less than those of the control samples, indicating an increase in the frost resistance of concrete. The influence of concrete production technology on the effect of nanomodification with NA and NT particles was proven. Nanomodified C and VC concretes have improved physical and mechanical properties compared to V concretes. Nanomodified concretes with a variable structure have a more organized microstructure with a greater number of clusters of calcium silicate hydroxides. The resulting variable-structure concrete has improved properties and can be used to manufacture columns, piles, and transmission line supports.

When using powder metallurgy technology, the challenge arises of preserving the original microstructure and grain size in a compact material as a result of sintering (powder consolidation). This is particularly relevant for powders of heavy tungsten-based alloys and refractory metal carbides (tungsten, hafnium, tantalum, etc.). This problem is solved by applying approaches that utilize high-intensity, short-term, high-temperature exposure combined with mechanical pressure on the powder blank. The objective of this study is to investigate the high-voltage consolidation (HVC) process of powder materials using the developed measuring system. HVC involves simultaneously applying a short, powerful current pulse to the powder, generated by a high-voltage current pulse generator, and external mechanical pressure, generated by a pneumatic press. The measuring system included systems for recording the high-voltage current pulse and the intensity of thermal radiation from the consolidated material using pulse photometry with photodiode sensors, as well as a matching and control system. During the tests, the parameters of the high-voltage pulse current and the thermal radiation intensity of the consolidated materials were recorded under high-voltage electric pulse exposure. Optimal values for the high-voltage pulse current parameters were determined for VK20, VNZh-90, and VNM 3-2 alloys, and the structure and physical and mechanical properties of the consolidated samples were analyzed. The results can be used to improve the high-voltage consolidation methodology for refractory powder materials.

We propose a generic approach to stochastic model improvement by first introducing an archetypal algorithm based on error minimisation and establishing two results on the weak convergence of the probability laws associated with the models under improvement. We then present two concrete instances of this approach: Generalised Linear Models and classical multivariate models assessed using a neural network. In both cases, we illustrate the methodology using economic, financial, and social data related to the determination of government bond coupon rates prior to primary market auctions. For each application, we derive weak convergence results that specify conditions under which model improvement occurs, in the sense of convergence in law of the probability distributions associated with successive models. These results ensure the convergence of the proposed archetypal algorithm and provide a probabilistic foundation for systematic model improvement.

This paper presents a dynamic model of the turning process that accounts for the dependence of workpiece stiffness on the tool position along its axis. The primary focus is on the stability of equilibrium in a moving coordinate system, whose trajectory is defined by the motion of the actuating elements. The results of a mathematical simulation of the stability of elastic deformations are presented, and the specifics of analyzing the stability of the cutting process dynamics with stiffness matrices variable along the trajectory are discussed.

This study investigates trade-market relations within rural life during the 1930s using archival materials from three agricultural regions in southern Russia: Don, Kuban, and Stavropol. The research highlights a significant gap in understanding how trade and entrepreneurship contributed to peasants' adaptation to new socio-economic conditions resulting from comprehensive collectivization policies. It is argued that most peasant households were predominantly self-sufficient, selling only minor portions of their produce on markets primarily for acquiring funds necessary for tax payments and purchasing basic consumer goods. Additionally, it demonstrates that these activities fostered greater economic autonomy among collective farmers and strengthened the position of individual smallholders, prompting Soviet authorities to intensify market control measures and implement large-scale initiatives aimed at weakening small commodity-producing village farms. Evidence shows that administrative controls, increased taxation, and confiscation of land surpluses significantly impaired the viability of small personal subsidiary plots owned by collective farmers, leading almost entirely to the disappearance of non-cooperative sectors in villages by the late 1930s.

The depletion of traditional feed resources makes the search for alternative raw materials for the feed industry extremely crucial. A heap of early-maturing wheat is of significant interest as a new feed raw material due to its high protein and vitamin percentage. However, its use in feed production is limited by such significant drawback as high moisture content (up to 60 %), which promotes self-heating and microbial growth in the grain mass. To eliminate these negative factors, drying is required to ensure maximum preservation of nutritional value and vitamins in the product. The current review has presented a comparative analysis of such methods for drying early maturing wheat grain as convection, microwave drying, and infrared drying. There have been considered the characteristics of each method and identified their key advantages and disadvantages. There has been established that the infrared drying method is the most effective, since it combines a gentle temperature regime (40–60 °C) with a high speed of the process, which allows preserving maximum nutrients in the finished product. The convective method has been found ineffective due to the high risk of overheating the initial product. Microwave drying should be used primarily at the final drying stage, as it is unprofitable to use it for processing high-moisture raw materials.

Introduction. In this paper, we consider the problem of predicting the strength of square-section centrally compressed short concrete-filled tubular columns using machine learning methods. Traditional methods, such as the finite element method and the theoretical-experimental approach involving selection of empirical formulas require significant computational resources and time. At the same time, these methods are not always capable of accounting for complex nonlinear dependencies between the parameters. The key objective is to develop a high-precision model capable of predicting the load-bearing capacity of columns using the major parameters. Materials and Methods. For the current study, a database was generated containing the results of numerical experiments on calculating the load-bearing capacity of square-section concrete-filled tubular columns in a physically nonlinear formulation. As part of the study, models based on machine learning methods were designed and implemented using the Jupyter Notebook interactive computing platform. The main method is the CatBoost mechanism (Gradient Boosting Regressor). The resulting models were trained by means of nonlinear optimization methods. Results. The article evaluates the degree of impact of each of the input parameters on the final predictions of the model. The results on the degree of impact for the CatBoost and Random Forrest Regressor (RFR) models are obtained. The quality of the resulting models evaluated using the R 2 value was 98% for CatBoost and 94% for RFR. Discussion and Conclusions. The resulting approach has proved to be highly efficient in predicting the load-bearing capacity of concrete-filled tubular columns, providing a balance between the accuracy of the results and computational complexity.