Dongguk University

• A process integrating turquoise hydrogen with a blast furnace was proposed. • Four cases were proposed based on the heat supply method and hydrogen purity. • An increase in injection temperature is correlated with a higher replacement ratio. • All proposed cases achieved negative CO 2 emissions. • Supplying high-purity hydrogen was the best strategy for environment and economy. Efforts to decarbonize the steel sector primarily follow two pathways: the use of alternative low-carbon fuels (e.g., hydrogen, ammonia) for blast furnace (BF)-based ironmaking, and the adoption of electrified processes utilizing direct reduced iron in electric arc furnace-based ironmaking. In this study, synergistic process integration is proposed for hydrogen-based BF ironmaking, and its techno-economic and environmental impacts are assessed. Turquoise hydrogen, produced via natural gas pyrolysis, is designed across four cases to examine how variations in injection temperature and hydrogen purity affect the balance among process design, economic performance, and CO 2 mitigation potential. Heat supply strategies, including hydrogen purification units, are also considered. Each case is evaluated in terms of energy consumption, BF injection performance, economic feasibility, and environmental impact. The findings reveal that Case A achieved the highest energy efficiency of 60.4%, while Case D showed the lowest at 47.6%. Regarding BF performance, increasing the injection temperature of high-purity H 2 improved the H 2 -to-coke replacement ratio from 1.10 to 1.46 kg_coke/Nm 3 -gas, enabling a significantly higher H 2 injection rate of up to 41 kg H2 /tHM. Economically, the integration proved highly competitive due to the solid carbon byproduct; Case D achieved the most favorable unit production cost (UPC) of − 0.29 US$/kg-gas, compared to 0.016 US$/kg-gas for Case A. Environmentally, Case D also demonstrated the superior sustainability profile with a net-negative CO 2 emission of − 7.43 kg CO 2 -eq./kg-gas. Overall, the proposed integration of turquoise H 2 with BF ironmaking demonstrates strong economic and environmental performance. A remaining challenge is determining the optimal degree of hydrogen purification for alternative applications within the ironmaking process.

Patients with Liver Hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) have a poor prognosis due to late-stage diagnosis and the limited efficacy of drug treatments. Dysregulation of nuclear pore complex (NPC) components, particularly nucleoporins (NUPs), may play a role in tumor progression. However, the specific role of NUP205 in LIHC has not been comprehensively investigated. We evaluated the expression, prognostic significance, epigenetic regulation, microRNA(miRNA) interactions, drug sensitivity, and biological functions of NUP205 in LIHC. Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses were performed using publicly available databases and web-based analysis platforms, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), UALCAN, and the Kaplan-Meier Plotter (KM Plotter), among others. In vitro validation was performed using small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of NUP205 in HepG2 cells, followed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), apoptosis assay and wound-healing assay. NUP205 expression was significantly elevated in patients with LIHC and was associated with advanced clinicopathological features and poor prognosis. Promoter hypomethylation and miRNAs were identified as regulatory mechanisms influencing NUP205 expression. Increased NUP205 levels were associated with resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents. NUP205 knockdown significantly reduced messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in HepG2 and PLC/PRF/5 cells, and also reduced the expression of Transmembrane protein 209 (TMEM209) in HepG2 cells and improved sensitivity to doxorubicin. NUP205 expression was consistently associated with adverse clinicopathological features, poor prognosis, and altered drug sensitivity in LIHC. Integrative analyses suggest that NUP205 dysregulation may be linked to epigenetic and miRNA-associated regulatory mechanisms. These findings support NUP205 as a candidate prognostic biomarker and a potential regulatory factor in LIHC, warranting further mechanistic and protein-level validation. Further research is necessary to fully elucidate its underlying mechanisms and potential clinical applications.