DuBois Business College

This article provides an overview of the origins and development of stratification economics as a subfield that centers the importance of identity, social ranking, and relative group position. Stratification economics developed in response to explanations for interracial/ethnic/gender inequality that invoked group-based dysfunction on the part of the subordinate community. Influences, detailed here, include the works of W. E. B. DuBois, Thorstein Veblen, Karl Marx, Eric Williams, Herbert Blumer, Claude Steele, Cecilia Ridgeway, Thomas Pettigrew, and Linda Tropp. The article concludes with an exploration of unique insights and extensions stratification economics affords a variety of themes: the impact of multiple identities, the determinants of individual productivity, variation in intensity of group identification, “passing,” sources of intergroup differences in wealth, and social mobility and immigration. (JEL D31, D63, I31, J15, J16, Z13)

Abstract For many years it has been suggested that the carbonaceous material found in association with Fe/Ni metal and metal carbides in primitive bodies is linked to the Fischer–Tropsch reaction. This is especially true with chondritic-porous interplanetary dust particles, which are considered to have a cometary origin and are among some of the most primitive and least processed materials available for study. Another phenomenon which occurs under the same carburizing conditions as the Fischer–Tropsch reaction is called metal dusting and could be a possible pathway to forming some of the carbonaceous material found in primitive bodies. Metal dusting is a catastrophic corrosion of metal under these carburizing conditions that results in a porous mixture of carbonaceous material, metal, and metal carbides. In the case of pure iron, type I metal dusting results in the formation of a metastable iron carbide, typically cementite, Fe3C. While metal dusting has been studied industrially for over 50 years, it does not appear to have been applied to the formation of carbonaceous material in astrophysical settings. In this work, the general mechanism of metal dusting on iron is described and a thermodynamic analysis of the dusting phenomena applied to solar nebula conditions. Rate measurements are made with pure iron samples over the temperature range from 400°C to 950°C. In addition, the products from experimental runs at 500°C and 600°C are studied by transmission electron microscopy. Results show that iron carbide particles are formed with carbonaceous material consisting of poorly graphitized carbon.

Neal (1793-1876) had praised Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel Fanshawe in 1828, stating that its author had fair prospect of future success (Wineapple 84). Neal had also praised Edgar Allan Poe's book of poems Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems in 1829 and 1830 and Poe's Poems in 1831, stating that the author was fine genius (Walker 66-69, 76). Given Neal's early appreciation of both Hawthorne and Poe, his consideration of these writers not too long afterward would be of great interest. Neal's year-long editorship of the weekly newspaper the New England Galaxy in 1833 offers a glimpse of his developing opinion of the two authors and of their developing reputations. His comments, as well as those of his junior editor, H. Hastings Weld (1811-1888), were largely, though not exclusively, positive, and, to the best of my knowledge, have not been reprinted--except for those about the August 1835 Southern Literary Messenger that Poe reprinted himself. Neal was a pioneering novelist and critic from Portland, Maine, who had served as an editor for Portico (1818), Federal Republican (1819), and Yankee and Boston Literary Gazette (1828-1829) (Richards, John Neal: A Bibliography 298). He was bold, direct, and devoted to the growth of American literature. (1) At the New England Galaxy, he joined H. Hastings Weld, who would later become editor of several New York newspapers, including the Evening Tattler and Brother Jonathan, and a target of Poe's in The Mystery of Marie Roget (Kopley, Edgar Allan Poe and the Dupin Mysteries 54-63, 106-9). Weld announced his new fellow editor--the Senior Editor--in a Galaxy editorial of December 27, 1834, stating Each [editor] will be individually responsible for his own articles, as the author will be designated by his initials, or otherwise (Editorials). (Usually, the two men distinguished their work with an N or a W.) And Neal, in his introductory piece, on January 3, 1835, offers To Virtue, Genius and tried or untried Worth, wherever it may be found, and in whatever it may consist, a reasonable share of encouragement--as the world goes (To All Whom It May Concern). A brief notice of the January 1835 issue of the New England Magazine does not offer any comments on specific works by Hawthorne (New England Magazine for January). However, Neal and Weld offer implicit encouragement to the still-anonymous author by reprinting in the January 10, 1835, issue of the Galaxy, his story from that January issue, The Gray Champion, which presents General William Goffe as the spirit of New England. Weld announces in a slightly longer notice of the January issue of the New England Magazine, Upon our first page we have placed an article from the last (The New England Magazine [January 1835]). story was taken from Hawthorne's book manuscript The Story Teller, which had originally been received by Samuel G. Goodrich of Token (9:495, Newman 138, and Wineapple 81; see also Weber and George). A week later, Neal mentions the editors of the New England Magazine, Samuel G. Howe and J. O. Sargent, and provides a general comment on the contents of the January 1835 issue (which included an article of his own): The matter [is] generally good enough to get along of itself without a regular puff' (New England Magazine: Jan. '35). Throughout 1835, Neal and/or Weld offered their comments on Hawthorne in the context of reviews of issues of the New England Magazine that featured Hawthorne's work. (2) Weld praises the February issue of the New England Magazine. The second of the new volume in numerical order--the first in merit. It contains indeed a better variety of interesting matter than any preceding number for months. He writes, more specifically, The first article, 'Old News,' transports one back to the knee buckles and 'solemn wigs' of 1700, and gathers traits of the times from the newspapers of that day. He does not mention Hawthorne's name, but he seems to have followed the writings of the unnamed author: 'My Visit to Niagara,' is by the author of the 'Gentle Boy,'--and the 'Gray Champion. …

The medieval Church's concern with moral reform contributed to the emergence of a genre of literature in the thirteenth century dedicated to the vices and virtues. Inspired by monastic and scholastic traditions, treatises such as Laurent d'Orleans's Somme le roi encouraged the avoidance of sin and provided the faithful with a moral taxonomy that ultimately ensured their access to heaven. Marguerite Porete's Mirror of Simple Souls and Meister Eckhart's Discourses of Instruction challenge this virtue-centered approach to salvation. Relying on their shared claim that the fall of the just man is in fact a virtue, this essay argues that their moral theology is grounded not on the a posteriori act of penance needed for salvation, but on the a priori consent of the will. This alternative view of moral life finds support in previous strands of the Christian tradition, and in particular in Peter Abelard's theory of intentionalism.

Wepresentanewapproachtoobtainingempiricallybased(EB)criteriafor estimating the epicentral location accuracy (i.e., ground truth, GT) of seismic events recorded at local distances on a regional network. The approach has been developed usinga jackknife resampling method appliedto carefully pickedPgphasearrivaltimes for GT reference events from several South African gold mines. The events were well recorded locally by Southern African Seismic Experiment (SASE) stations within the Archean Kaapvaal craton, an area of relatively simple crustal structure. The region- specific criteria obtained specify an EBGT395% level of epicentral accuracy if events are recorded on eight or more stations at distances less than the Pg=Pn crossover (215 km) when the stations have a primary azimuthal gap <202 degrees. In addition, when nine or more stations are used for event location and one of them is within 79 km of the event, we find that a focal depth accuracy of 4 km at the 95% confidence level can be obtained and that an accuracy of 6 km can be obtained if eight stations are used. This result illustrates that GT criteria commonly applied to global event catalogs can be relaxed if an accurate velocity model and carefully picked phase-arrival times are used for event locations. Consequently, it is likely that additional events can be added to GT compilations by developing EBGT criteria for other regional networks and using them to identify candidate GT events. For example, the EBGT criteria developed in this study, when applied to the SASE seismicity catalog, yields 10 new GT events.

While e-commerce technology has spread rapidly throughout large firms in the developed world, growth among Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) has not been as pervasive. This paper discusses the current state of e-commerce development in SMEs, outlines challenges faced by many SMEs and proposes several options for e-commerce integration. Specific opportunities in the areas of customer service and relationship management, supply chain management and e-commerce support are discussed.

The present paper discusses both the methodologies on and student reaction to teaching Hispanic Culture through the use of authentic culture walks created by the instructor as well as students. Through the use of a virtual learning community, students learn Hispanic culture through reading discussions, viewing authentic video, reading descriptions, and through collaboration with others (from other countries and throughout the United States) by both synchronous and asynchronous means.

An ambitious scientist dreams of overturning conventional wisdom and establishing a new paradigm that will provide a grand theoretical synthesis of the field. This commentary examines the articles of this special issue to distinguish what might be new from what is déjà vu to traditional, mainstream trait psychology. To accomplish this, the commentary begins with an exposition of how trait concepts are used in the natural sciences. This exposition is meant to correct a straw-man concept of traits, offered by some psychologists, as ‘unmodulated consistencies in . . . behavior across time and diverse situations’ (Kenrick and Funder, 1988, p. 24). After presenting an accurate view of the trait concept, I examine what the authors of these articles offer as alternatives to traits, traditionally conceived. This examination shows that the authors occasionally misrepresent traits, and that in some cases their offered alternatives are actually quite similar to traditional trait conceptions. I end by describing what the traditional trait approach considers to be reasonable goals for personality psychology and the most promising methods for reaching those goals. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The amylose-iodine (AI) complex formation was studied by absorption spectra in water and water-containing varying proportions of ethanol, acetone, isopropanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Complex formation is most favored in pure water and decreases as the proportion of nonaqueous solvent is increased. A decrease in the absorbance intensity at around 615 nm (for AI complex) is accompanied by a peak shift towards 550 nm and an increased absorbance at around 350 nm (for unbound iodine). The amount of the nonaqueous solvent added, as well as the order in which it is added relative to amylose and iodine solution; change remarkably the extent of the AI complex formation. A mechanism of the complex formation is proposed. † This paper was originally published in A35, 5. Due to a printing error, it is being reprinted here in its entirety.