ENVIRON (United States)

The first state where the followers of all the religions were given equal rights was formed in 611 AD as per the guidelines of the Holy Qur’an through the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) at Madina, mainly comprising Muslims, Kafars (Idol worshipers) and Jews with equal social and economic rights. It not only improved foreign and diplomatic relations. Groups were knitted so well through treaties that they even fought wars as allies, which not only further strengthened the state but also created a history of Universal Brotherhood and Leadership. People following various religions were harmonised through a model treaty called the ‘Charter of Madina’. Apart from its firm implementation, the success of the treaty was based on three main features, equality, justice and peace. Functioning of such a multi religious state on the basis of equality and peace needed, hence adoption of relevant Qur’anic rules proved worthy of their vision and strength.

Climate change has emerged as a global crisis with severe consequences for tropical and coastal regions. Pekalongan Regency, Indonesia, exemplifies these challenges, facing recurrent floods and landslides that threaten livelihoods and infrastructure. Risk mapping is urgently needed to guide adaptation strategies, yet many regions face constraints due to limited data availability. This study develops a multi-hazard risk mapping approach that integrates Geographic Information System (GIS) technology with stakeholder participation through Public Participation GIS (PPGIS). Hazard and vulnerability analyses were conducted using disaster records, socio-economic indicators, and spatial datasets, validated through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with government agencies and local stakeholders. The findings were synthesized into a structured four-stage framework encompassing stakeholder education (Kick-off), preliminary spatial analysis, participatory indicator validation, and finalization of risk maps. Results reveal distinct spatial patterns: flood risks dominate northern coastal and riverine villages, while landslide hazards are concentrated in the southern highlands. Stakeholder involvement not only improved data validity but also enhanced local adaptive capacity. The proposed PPGIS framework provides a transferable model for participatory climate resilience planning, particularly in data-scarce regions such as the global south area.

We appreciate the opportunity to comment on the case report ‘Asbestosis Requiring Lung Transplantation in a Retired Hairdresser: An Occupational Exposure to Comb Through’ authored by Bu et al. [1] The authors report a case that they concluded was asbestosis in a retired hairdresser and speculate the source of asbestos exposure was the use of hair dryers containing asbestos, along with the possible contamination of cosmetic talc with asbestos. Asbestosis in hairdresser cohorts would be a novel finding, but as we discuss below, several lines of reasoning from the scientific literature raise serious questions as to the conclusions in this case report. Alternative explanations should be further pursued. Asbestosis is a marker of relatively high asbestos exposure. Clinical findings of asbestosis have been reported at 25 fibre-years/cm3 (f-yrs/cc) or higher [2], with exposures at the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration permissible exposure limit and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists threshold limit value of 0.1 f/cc for a career (i.e., 4 or 4.5 f-yrs/cc) protective of asbestosis risk. Hair dryers may have historically contained a non-friable chrysotile asbestos component. Exposures related to the use of hair dryers show relatively low task-based exposure; the authors reference a 1979 report from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health that showed ‘structures’ between zero and 0.11 structures/cc (s/cc). Asbestos exposures reported in s/cc are not a reliable means of ascertaining asbestos-related disease risk, and ‘fibres’ longer than 5 μm (μm) are a minimum cutoff in asbestos regulatory definitions. Nonetheless, using conservative assumptions, cumulative airborne exposures for a career hairdresser would be far below 4 f-yrs/cc. The authors presented an erroneous calculation of cumulative yearly exposure of ‘25,100 fibres per cubic centimetre each year’, when the actual reference in Roggli et al. is in the range of ‘25 to 100 fibres/mL-years’ (e.g., f-yrs/cc) [2]. Additionally, it is not appropriate to assume that s/cc is directly comparable to f/cc. When placed in the correct context, the authors' suggestion that the use of hair dryers poses a risk of asbestosis is not supported. Additionally, the possible presence of asbestos in cosmetic talc since the 1970s has been demonstrated to result in diminishingly low exposures [3], which is confirmed by the lack of mesothelioma risk in hairdressers [4]. The literature simply does not support any likelihood of asbestosis risk from the use of cosmetic talc. The authors reportedly found asbestos bodies in the lung. Further information would elucidate this finding, including whether the asbestos body count is greater than background levels and the fibre type identified. For example, an asbestos body composed of a commercial amphibole asbestos would rule out the asbestos exposures reported and discussed above, and may suggest other unidentified exposures if the asbestosis diagnosis is validated. Case reports are appropriate for generating hypotheses but are insufficient for drawing the sweeping conclusions that the authors are attempting to make. Readers are cautioned against drawing any conclusive inferences with the available information in the etiological determination of a purported asbestosis case. Evan Anderson drafted the letter. Shannon Meyler reviewed it critically for important intellectual content. Alexa Gallagher reviewed it critically for important intellectual content. Tina Cardona reviewed it critically for important intellectual content. Benjamin Ellis reviewed it critically for important intellectual content. Jennifer Ellis final approval of the version to be published. Michael Holton final approval of the version to be published. The authors received no specific funding for this work. Some of the authors of this letter (EA, JE, MH) have testified on behalf of defendants in asbestos and talcum powder litigation matters. No law firm was involved in the writing of this letter, and it was not written for purposes of litigation. Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

La pré-consolidation de sols compressibles avant construction est une technique éprouvée présentant de nombreux avantages, en particulier lorsque les surfaces concernées sont très grandes : elle devient alors concurrentielle par rapport à la mise en œuvre de fondations profondes. Le temps de consolidation peut être considérablement réduit grâce à l’utilisation de drains verticaux. Dans ce cadre, la mise en place d’une surcharge supplémentaire permet de diminuer le temps d’attente et de s’affranchir de la consolidation secondaire. Cet article présente, sur base d’un cas concret, les principales méthodes de calcul permettant d’estimer les tassements attendus, la durée de la pré-consolidation et l’effet de drains verticaux sur cette durée. Ces méthodes de calcul sont mises en œuvre sur base d’essais géotechniques courants (essais pénétrométriques et essais œdométriques sur échantillons non remaniés). L’article analyse également les caractéristiques de déformabilité des schlamms par différentes approches, expérimentales ou par corrélations (oedomètres, interprétation à partir des CPT, corrélations entre paramètres). Il présente par ailleurs les mesures de tassements effectifs obtenues par profilométrie hydrostatique, méthode qui s’avère primordiale pour vérifier la consolidation au cours du temps, valider le moment correspondant à un degré de consolidation acceptable et estimer le tassement résiduel attendu. L’étude met en évidence la bonne concordance entre les calculs prédictifs et les tassements effectivement observés.

This research aims to develop a proposed framework for using the target cost method in the electric car industry in Egypt, with the aim of supporting the industry's ability to compete and achieve sustainable development. This is done by evaluating electric cars of all kinds. As well as examining the extent of its impact on the national electrical network if it was introduced in an ill-conceived manner, and in order to achieve the objectives of the study, the inductive approach was used in the theoretical study and the preparation of the field side on the questionnaire list directed to the sample items, which amounted to 384 items, and the use of statistical analysis in order to ensure the validity of the study hypotheses. The study reached the following results: The hypothesis of the study was accepted that there is a statistically significant relationship between the target cost method and the ability to compete, as the value of the correlation coefficient was (0.892) at the level of significance 0.01. The study hypothesis was accepted that there is a statistically significant relationship between the target cost method and sustainable development. The value of the correlation coefficient is (0.787) at the level of significance of 0.01 The study hypothesis was accepted that there is a statistically significant relationship between the ability to compete and sustainable development, as the value of the correlation coefficient was (0.696) at the level of significance 0.01. The most important recommendations of the researcher include the following: The researcher recommends generalizing the study of the target costing system on the rest of the sectors because of its focus on reducing product costs. The researcher recommends conducting other studies to apply the target cost system to other commercial sectors to hold specialized courses for cost accountants and accountants on the target cost system in all sectors. Governments should encourage citizens to buy electric cars and reduce tariffs.

Introduction: ß-chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene; CP) causes lung tumors after inhalation exposures in rats and mice. Mice develop these tumors at lower exposures than rats. In rats CP exposures cause depletion of lung glutathione (GSH). Methods: PBPK models developed to relate the appearance of mouse lung tumors with rates of CP metabolism to reactive metabolites or total amounts metabolized during exposures have been expanded to include production of reactive metabolites from CP. The extended PBPK model describes both the unstable oxirane metabolite, 2-CEO, and metabolism of the more stable oxirane, 1-CEO, to reactive metabolites via microsomal oxidation to a diepoxide, and linked production of these metabolites to a PK model predicting GSH depletion with increasing CP exposure. Key information required to develop the model were available from literature studies identifying: 1) microsomal metabolites of CP, and 2) in vitro rates of clearance of CP and 1-CEO from active microsomal preparations from mice, rats, hamsters and humans. Results: Model simulation of concentration dependence of disproportionate increases in reactive metabolite concentrations as exposures increases and decreases in tissue GSH are consistent with the dose-dependence of tumor formation. At the middle bioassay concentrations with a lung tumor incidence, the predicted tissue GSH is less than 50% background. These simulations of reduction in GSH are also consistent with the gene expression results showing the most sensitive pathways are Nrf2-regulation of oxidative stress and GSH metabolism. Discussion: The PBPK model is used to correlate predicted tissue exposure to reactive metabolites with toxicity and carcinogenicity of CP.

Silk tofu, a unique variant of tofu packaged in thin silk sheets that provides a significantly different texture and appearance, is the subject of this research. The study aims to investigate its nutritional value, sensory attributes, and market potential. MKM Silk Tofu 57 is a prominent producer of silk tofu located in Sidoarjo, specifically at jl. Beciro No.9, Beciro, Jumputrejo, Kec. Sukodono, Sidoarjo Regency. Throughout the production process, MKM Silk Tofu 57 faces numerous risks. Hence, a risk analysis is imperative to identify optimal solutions to reduce or eliminate these arising risks. This study delves into the risks encountered by MKM Silk Tofu 57 and proposes improvements to mitigate these risks. Utilizing qualitative data, such as the company's history, and quantitative data, including numerical figures, the research employed the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method to assess the risks. The results of the risk assessment, based on the Risk Priority Number ( RPN) calculations, identified the highest risk as the potential destruction of tofu during packaging, with an RPN value of 72. Risk management will be executed through the Service Quality method, encompassing five attribute methods: reliability, responsiveness, tangibility, assurance, and empathy .An observation conducted during this study yielded data and conclusions indicating the lowest satisfaction level in the assurance aspect. This signifies a lower level of accountability applied in the service provided by the silk tofu establishment, suggesting a need for enhancement in this area.

Abstract This chapter presents an overview of current toxicokinetic modeling approaches for describing the absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of toxic chemicals in the body, and provides several examples of the application of toxicokinetic modeling in various aspects of chemical risk assessments. The concepts described in this chapter are important elements for understanding the determinants of chemical disposition, for determining the mode of action for the toxicity of a chemical, and for supporting more accurate extrapolations across dose and species for estimating the risks associated with exposures to the chemical.