ESI Group (United Kingdom)

Conventional dyeing of cotton with hydrophobic curcumin is inefficient, typically requiring massive amounts of salt and water. This study introduces a paradigm-shifting, salt-free, and water-saving process by employing an innovative ethanol–water solvent system, precise acidic pH control (5.0), and tannic acid as a biobased molecular bridge. Crucially, in a direct comparison within the same ethanol–water system, our approach achieved a high color strength (K/S of 18.0) comparable to that achieved using a high salt load (K/S of 17.5), effectively eliminating the environmental burden of salt without sacrificing performance. Density functional theory calculations quantitatively validated tannic acid’s role as a bifunctional bridge, enhancing the curcumin–cellulose binding energy from 31.27 to 75.31 kcal/mol. The dyed cotton exhibited excellent washing fastness (rating 4), potent antibacterial activity (94.5% reduction against Staphylococcus aureus), and intelligent pH-responsive discoloration. This work establishes a sustainable, high-performance dyeing route by designing a coherent system in which solvent, pH, and a biobased fixative act in concert to replace conventional industrial chemicals.

Abstract A significant challenge of offering adequate film cooling for gas turbine hot components in practical operation is deposition induced by impurities from the intake air and fuel, which influences the overall cooling performance by changing the surface geometric and thermal conditions. In this study, an experimental and numerical combined methodology was used to evaluate the deposition effects on film cooling from a row of holes on conductive flat plates. Cylindrical holes with simple and compound holes that are extensively used in today's modern engines were investigated to assess the sensitivity of their overall cooling effectiveness to deposition for coolant injection ratios of 0.5–2.0. Flow physics and thermal fields were analyzed to better understand the coupling effects of film cooling with deposition and their interaction with solid walls. Furthermore, the isolated effects of deposition on adiabatic film cooling and heat transfer were examined, allowing for a better understanding of which factor dominates the resulting combined effects. Inspection of overall cooling effectiveness on the wall backside revealed that the deposition effects were strongly linked to coolant jet behaviors, which were determined by both the coolant injection ratio and the hole orientation angle. Quantitative comparisons showed that deposition decreased overall cooling effectiveness by 22% on the flat plate cooled by the compound-angled hole with the lowest blowing ratio of 0.5, while it increased overall cooling effectiveness from the simple hole by 38% at a higher blowing ratio of 1.5. The results reported for the current work provide guidance on how to choose orientation angles for film cooling design where deposition problems are accounted for.

Bacteria contain a wide variety of innate and adaptive immune systems which provide protection to the host against invading genetic material, including bacteriophages (phages). It is becoming increasingly clear that bacterial immune systems are frequently lost and gained through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). However, how and when new immune systems can become established in a bacterial population has remained largely unstudied. We developed a joint epidemiological and evolutionary model that predicts the conditions necessary for the spread of a CRISPR-Cas immune system into a bacterial population lacking this system. We find that whether bacteria carrying CRISPR-Cas will spread (increase in frequency) into a bacterial population depends on the abundance of phages and the difference in the frequency of phage resistance mechanisms between bacteria carrying a CRISPR-Cas immune system, and those not (denoted as ${f}_{\Delta }$). Specifically, the abundance of cells carrying CRISPR-Cas will increase if there is a higher proportion of phage resistance (either via CRISPR-Cas immunity or surface modification) in the CRISPR-Cas possessing population than in the cells lacking CRISPR-Cas. We experimentally validated these predictions using Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 and phage DMS3vir as a model. Specifically, by varying the initial ratios of different strains of bacteria that carry alternative forms of phage resistance we confirmed that the spread of cells carrying CRISPR-Cas through a population can be predicted based on phage density and the relative frequency of resistance phenotypes. Understanding which conditions promote the spread of CRISPR-Cas systems helps to predict when and where these defences can establish in bacterial populations after a horizontal gene transfer event, both in ecological and clinical contexts.

Existing active algorithms cannot handle multiple concept drift patterns, discard historical data during retraining, and suffer from imbalanced training data. These limitations result in online algorithms being unable to maintain continuous high-precision detection. If data annotators want to know about the occurrence of concept drift through algorithms, they need to accurately identify concept drift in the data annotation phase. However, in practical scenarios, the data annotation system cannot accurately perceive concept drift. Therefore, this paper proposes a method called DDAL (Drift Detection Active Learning), which has the ability to perceive concept drift. DDAL manages data queues using time slices and incorporates concept drift detection, bringing forward the concept drift perception of online learning algorithms to the data annotation phase. This makes the model training more accurate and reduces the response time to concept drift. Through experiments and theoretical analysis, data annotated using the DDAL algorithm has higher accuracy compared to existing semi-supervised and unsupervised annotation methods.

One of the winners, german Julia Pinter, focused his research on the subject of Cancer.Cancer is the disease with the highest mortality worldwide, treated with the same standard approaches for decades.This conventional therapy strategies do not take the evolutionary development of cancer into consideration nor the role of the immune system in this process.Cancer has been shown to hide from the immune surveillance by establishing an immunosuppressive microenvironment.Furthermore, tumor cells are rarely recognized as pathogens by immune cells since they originate from self-material.As a result, there is a recent trend in cancer treatment to redirect the immune system to cancer specificity.In the broad range of immunotherapies, especially the CAR T-cell therapy stands out due to its several advantages of precisely detecting tumor antigens since in this approach autologous T lymphocytes are genetically engineered ex vivo to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) which specifically bind to the antigen expressed on cancer cells.josha.

We present the application of hardware accelerated volume rendering algorithms to the simulation of radiographs as an aid to scientists designing experiments, validating simulation codes, and understanding experimental data. The techniques presented take advantage of 32-bit floating point texture capabilities to obtain solutions to the radiative transport equation for X-rays. The hardware accelerated solutions are accurate enough to enable scientists to explore the experimental design space with greater efficiency than the methods currently in use. An unsorted hexahedron projection algorithm is presented for curvilinear hexahedral meshes that produces simulated radiographs in the absorption-only regime. A sorted tetrahedral projection algorithm is presented that simulates radiographs of emissive materials. We apply the tetrahedral projection algorithm to the simulation of experimental diagnostics for inertial confinement fusion experiments on a laser at the University of Rochester.

A multi-phase AC arc has various advantages such as high energy efficiency, large plasma volume and low gas velocity. Therefore, the multi-phase AC arc is suitable to massive powder processing like nanomaterial fabrication processes and innovative in-flight glass melting technology. However, the understanding of discharge behavior of multi-phase AC arc still remains to be improved for the practical use. In particular, electrode erosion is one of the most important issues to be solved. The purpose of this study is to investigate the droplet ejection mechanism of the multi-phase AC arc based on high-speed visualization by the high-speed camera and appropriate band-pass filters system. Obtained results indicated that droplet ejection was involved by variation in current and voltage during an AC cycle. The larger droplets were ejected at only cathodic period and the transition time from the cathodic to anodic AC period. Estimation of forces acting on the molten droplet revealed the electromagnetic force was most important force which leads to the detachment of the droplet from the electrode surface. Smaller droplet on the electrode tip leads to the droplet ejection due to the relatively stronger electromagnetic force than surface tension.

Abstract The Cooling the Tube Programme was set up to implement London Underground9s intention to mitigate future warming of the underground system and to control tunnel temperatures. As part of this programme the use of groundwater from the Chalk in open-loop systems was considered for cooling a number of stations and a groundwater model was determined as a requirement by the Environment Agency to assess impacts on the Chalk aquifer. It seemed plausible that the plumes of injected, warmed water would interact hydraulically and possibly also thermally with each other at some locations. Furthermore, London Underground wished to investigate any longer-term warming effects and potential loss in cooling benefit. This paper provides an overview of the hydrogeological modelling approach that was adopted to assess the potential hydraulic and thermal effect of the proposed schemes and summarizes some of the findings that may be of broader interest. A staged approach was used to guide and refine the modelling. Initially, analytical solutions were used to investigate the processes of heat transport in the Chalk and to derive parameters from a field-scale test. The results indicated that, even for low fissure-to-matrix contact areas, heat is likely to be conducted far into the Chalk matrix. Over longer time scales, significant heat loss occurs into the under- and overlying formations and the available analytical solutions are of less use in scoping heat calculations for open-loop schemes at this scale. Distributed, finite-element, numerical models were constructed to simulate the interactions within groups of ground source cooling systems and to investigate specific operating conditions at single schemes. Extensive sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the level of uncertainty in the model predictions, and the relative sensitivity to the various parameters. The greatest uncertainty was associated with detailed aspects of the conceptual model of heat flow. Model results were sensitive to the assumed vertical distribution of permeability in the Chalk. Additional uncertainty was associated with the selection of appropriate thermal boundary conditions and the extent of interaction with the under- and overlying formations. Uncertainty in the model hydraulic and thermal material parameters had less effect on the simulated performance of the systems. Operational conditions, such as the amount of heat injected and the separation of the abstraction and injection boreholes, were assessed and this paper provides some quantification of the significance of these factors. This work also demonstrates that equivalent MT3D and FEFLOW models give reasonable agreement and both approaches are feasible for modelling heat transport, as density-driven flow is not significant for the temperature differences associated with these cooling schemes.