Eastern Norway Research Institute

ABSTRACT This paper explores how visitor management can be operationalized to support sustainable development of peripheral mountainous communities facing tourism pressures. It argues for anchoring visitor management into municipal planning to align tourism and second home development with local community needs and goals. Building on results co-produced through interdisciplinary and collaborative case-study research, the paper presents six methods to attend to the needs of locals and visitors, while shielding natural areas and wildlife. Moreover, it illustrates how planners can deploy these methods to incorporate relevant knowledge into planning, while reflecting on the research-practitioner collaboration for future research and planning practice.

A representative sample of urban residents was asked to rate common verbally presented urban sound types along a scale of pleasantness. Three types of natural sounds (‘bird song’, ‘sounds from wind’, ‘sounds from water’) received the highest scores, followed by ‘silence’, and ‘sounds from children playing’. Mechanical sounds (‘lawn mowers’ and traffic) and ‘dog barking’ were rated as moderately unpleasant. Differences across demographic groups were small. However, significant positive associations emerged between the rating of natural sounds and age, and educational level. Women more than men, rated natural sounds to be pleasant. Rating of mechanical sounds did not vary across demographic groups. Women more than men, and respondents with children in the household more than other respondents, rated ‘sounds from children playing’ as pleasant. The results are consistent with previous research on attitudes toward animals, and on adults’ responsiveness to children. The value assigned by urban residents to natural sounds should instigate urban planners to pay more attention to the conservation of animals and their habitat.

PurposeThis study examines how the World Para Snow Sports Championship 2021 was leveraged to create para sport outcomes. The purpose of this study is to add to the knowledge of how different organisations can create positive para sport legacies from elite para sport events.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative case study used interviews with representatives from key stakeholders and archival materials as main sources. An event leverage model was used to better understand the context, structures, and resources relevant to the development of para sport outcomes.FindingsThe main findings show how a variety of organisations set goals and implemented strategies to create para sport legacies. While the short-term increase in para sport participation remained rather limited, the new infrastructure, new para sport policies, and increased awareness of para sport were the main para sport legacy outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsThe main contribution of this study is empirical knowledge on how different organisations can leverage a para sport event to create legacies for para sport. Future research can examine the perspectives of additional groups, such as other athletes, spectators, and people with disabilities.Practical implicationsFor organisations involved in para sport, this study shows the opportunities and challenges of using a sport event to recruit new para sport participants.Originality/valueWhile there are some studies on the legacy outcomes of the Paralympic Games, this study focuses on a different para sport event and adopts the leverage perspective.

The forest sector faces complex societal demands that require a workforce with the desired composition of competence. It is also a primary, rural, and male-dominated industry based on gendered norms and culture. There are knowledge gaps in how gender influences work-related satisfaction and experiences in the forest sector and how women manage to work in male-dominated workplaces. We fill part of these voids by studying job satisfaction and women's strategies using the Norwegian forest sector as a case study. By combining surveys and group interviews, we unveil statistical gender differences and individual experiences. We found that while most men and women are satisfied with the social aspects of the workplace, men are more satisfied than women. Women report considerably less gender equality and more use of suppression techniques than men. Thirty-two percent of the women report being sexually harassed during their most important job position. Being exposed to harassment, most women choose not to report it to management, but instead handle the situation themselves. Forestry is a gendered sector, and to change attitudes for improving the work environment and opportunities for all employees, gender-related issues must be raised and handled in a suitable manner by managers and organizations.

The implementation of variable pricing at ski resorts can shift demand from peak periods to off-peak periods if at least some skiers have the flexibility and willingness to do so. This is often referred to as diversion, or demand shifting, and can directly affect the profit-maximizing prices ski resorts should set for their tickets. In this paper, we first model how diversion is related to various levels of the intra-weekly price differences at a ski resort. Then we use this model to recalculate the optimal variable prices a ski resort should set when accounting for the demand shifting and capacity constraints. The results show that the optimal prices the ski resort should set are influenced by both diversion and capacity constraints. The latter aspect is particularly relevant in the ongoing global pandemic. Ski resort managers can make direct use of our modelling framework and results when implementing new pricing strategies. • Variable pricing at ski resorts can shift demand from peak periods to off-peak periods. • The demand shifting will directly affect the optimal prices managers of ski resorts should set for the tickets. • Managers can use the proposed framework to model diversion as a function of intra-weekly price differences and use these results in a subsequent optimization model. • Our framework and results are also useful when implementing new pricing strategies during periods of strong capacity constraints (such as the ongoing pandemic).

The use of skin puncture techniques may facilitate the delivery of topically applied drugs for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The main aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and cosmetic outcome of curettage, multiple needle puncture, and methyl-aminolaevulinate (MAL)-PDT in basal cell carcinoma (BCC). All tumours received curettage and 15-20 needle punctures/cm2 before two sessions of MAL-PDT. The primary endpoint was clinically observed recurrence at follow-up. Overall, 284 patients with 299 histologically verified BCC (70 superficial, 190 nodular, 35 aggressive, and four not subtyped) were included. Following PDT, the mean follow-up period was 6.7 months. After follow-up, 274 (92%) of 299 treatment sites showed no clinical signs of recurrence, with >90% complete response for each BCC subtype. The cosmetic outcome was rated as excellent/good in 81% of cases. Good short-term treatment results were shown following curettage, multiple needle puncture, and MAL-PDT for BCC of different subtypes.

Defining the spatial extent of mountain areas has long been a challenge. In the present century, the availability of digital elevation models (DEMs) incorporated into geographic information systems (GIS) has allowed the definition of mountain areas based on topographic and other criteria. This paper presents the various delineations of mountains that have been prepared at three scales – global, regional (Europe), and national – and explores the reasons and processes leading to these delineations, and how they have been used. A detailed case study is then presented for Norway. Overall, two types of approaches to mapping mountains have been taken: first, considering mountains per se, based on elevation and/or topography; second, considering them among other categories, e.g., landforms or biogeographical, environmental or landscape zones. All attempts to map mountain areas derive essentially from the objectives of those commissioning and/or undertaking the work; a unitary definition remains unlikely.

Abstract Substance‐dependent mothers, who have grown up with parental substance abuse, struggle during and after treatment to abstain from substances while trying to process traumatic experiences and integrate their family into society. The aim of this study was to explore the social support available for these mothers to help them stay abstinent and create safe family environments for themselves and their children. Using purposeful sampling, we approached nine mothers admitted for 1 year to a family ward at a substance abuse clinic and their significant others. Through in‐depth, qualitative interviews, first with the mothers, later with their significant others, we investigated characteristics of the available social support. The findings indicated that the significant others had limited resources and were themselves exposed to adverse and cumulative psychosocial and socioeconomic risk factors. Their relationships with the mothers were, nevertheless, close, consistent and reliable. Supporting the existing social network should be an integrated part of the work of family welfare services aiming to help substance‐dependent mothers from families with parental substance abuse to rehabilitate and to integrate successfully into local communities.

Facies classification is a challenging task in formation evaluation analysis and seismic reservoir characterization. The facies classification model is a key element in the reservoir modeling work flow because the distribution of rock and elastic properties as well as the petroelastic models between