Eastern Research Institute of Coal Chemistry

The influence of oxyethylated alkyl phenol (Neonol AF9–10) on the clarification of coal tar in mechanized settling tanks is considered. Adding Neonol is found to increase the deposition rate of tar sludge. If Neonol is present in the wastewater sent to the biochemical treatment plant, its operation is not significantly affected. The use of Neonol in the separation of water–tar mixtures decreases the content of tarry impurities. Ash removal from tar in mechanized settling tanks may be intensified by adding Neonol, with decrease in the rate at which sediment builds up in tar stores. The stability of water–tar emulsions declines on adding Neonol. On the basis of these results, the use of Neonol may be recommended to stabilize the quality of coal tar.

Methods and instruments for measuring the smokestack emissions of coke oven batteries are analyzed. Pollutant formation in the flue gases of heating systems is described. It is established that organic materials interfere with the accuracy of measurements made by gas analyzers with electrochemical cells. Recommendations are made regarding methods of determining the smokestack emissions of coke batteries.

Aspects of the separate sorting of large and small coke are considered on the basis of laboratory and industrial experiments. Changes in size, mechanical strength, and physicochemical properties of the coke are noted with variation in the sorting conditions, the coke preparation, and the equipment employed. New grades of coke are tested in the production of iron and ferroalloys.

By chromatography and mass spectroscopy and also by IR spectroscopy, the chemical composition of industrial heavy fuel-oil fractions from the semicoking of kukersite shale in a Kiviter gas generator and in a Petroter system based on hot ash is investigated. The content of different chemical groups in the samples is compared. The content of hydrocarbons is higher by a factor of about 1.5 in the fuel oil from the Kiviter system than in that from the Peteroter-1 system, while the content of oxygen compounds is lower by a factor of 1.12. The content of nitrogen compounds is approximately the same, while the content of sulfur compounds is higher for the Petroter-1 system. The heavy fuel-oil fractions are used in commercial furnace oils with up to 0.8% sulfur content: VKG C, VKG-D, VKGD-1, and VKGD-2. The resulting fuel oils are compatible with marine fuels.

The emission of benzo[a]pyrene is studied when coal tar pitch with different softening temperature is carbonized in the range 350–850°C. The softening temperature of the pitch is not a useful factor in assessing the benzo[a]pyrene emission on carbonization.

The adhesion of 28 minerals with highway-grade bitumen is assessed, in terms of the surface area of the mineral (%) still coated with bitumen after boiling in water. With increase in the total content of CaO, MgO, Fe2O3, and Al2O3, the adhesion of bitumen to the minerals increases, whereas the adhesion decreases with increase in the content of SiO2, Na2O, K2O, and CO2. After boiling, the bitumen at the rock surface is not distributed randomly but is concentrated at specific mineral grains: biotite in the case of granite and gneiss; and pyroxene in the case of gabbro.

Application of coals as reducing agents in the direct iron reducing process is a perspective way. For solid-phase iron reducing from iron ore concentrate of Bapy deposit, Republic of Kazakhstan, application of coals of Karazhyra deposit was proposed. Chemical composition of iron ore concentrate of Bapy deposit is presented. By application of methods and means of thermodynamic simulation, analysis of oxide phase composition was carried out. As a result of thermodynamic studies, it was revealed that at reducing of concentrate of specified composition, iron and aluminum oxides, magnesium, calcium, barium, and alkaline metals silicates, sulfides and phosphor compounds are presented in the oxide phase. A dependence of oxide phase parameters on temperature and coal rate was established. It was shown that a number of aluminum oxide, titanium and barium compounds and calcium and magnesium silicates is not practically varying within the whole temperature interval. The number of compounds, containing phosphor, potassium, natrium is decreasing while temperature is increasing due to elements transferring in gas phase. The number of sulfides is decreasing with temperature increase till the whole disappearance in the condensed phase. The number of iron oxides at the temperature higher 872K depends only on reducing agent rate. The number of oxide phase at the temperature lower 853K is maximum, then begins to decrease while the temperature is increasing, the reducing processes are developing and at the temperature of 1013K after completion of reducing process it reaches its maximum value which is not changing then up to temperature 1773K. The studies carried out enable to evaluate slag properties at elaboration of resource-saving technologies of iron direct reducing and can be used at forecasting and evaluation of metallization processes and the further re-melting of materials obtained from Bapy deposit iron ore concentrate of and Karazhyra deposit coals.

The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of atmospheric emissions from unorganized and specific sources at coke plants are considered.

The composition of distillates from shale resins produced by the semicoking of kukersite shale in a Kiviter gas generator is investigated by chromatography and mass spectrometry. It is enlightening to compare the coking products from the complete shale resins, light fuel-oil distillate, heavy fuel-oil distillate, and shale phenol fractions. The shale coke samples are investigated by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.

Industrial gasoline fractions of tar obtained by semicoking of kukersite shale in the Kiviter gas generator and in a Petroter system with solid-state heating are analyzed in detail by chromatography and mass spectrometry. On that basis, the content of groups and types of compounds in the samples may be compared. The gasoline fraction from the Petroter system contains about twice as many aromatic hydrocarbons (28), four times as many dienes (9), and a third of the paraffins (9.5) as in the fraction from the Kiviter gas generator.