Ecole Supérieure d’Economie Appliquée

Citizen participation is increasingly well understood around the world, and its practice is spreading. In fact, it became a pillar of well-functioning democracies in the 19th century. This makes it desirable, desirable and even essential! It helps institutions build fruitful relationships with communities. These relationships enhance local quality of life because they explain decisions, which tend to be more sustainable and equitable. It is for the Urban Development and Decentralization Support Project (PAURAD), and as with many urban development projects in Benin, a facet of a dialogue between institutions and communities that leads to decisions that create social and economic capital.

The objective of this study was to identify the different irrigators’ strategies and to analyze the economic profitability of irrigated production systems in relation to adaptations to the scarcity of groundwater resources in a context of climate change in the South east of Tunisian. Based on surveys of 190 irrigated farms, this research shows that eighty-five percent (85%) of respondents clearly perceive climate change in southeastern Tunisia. These changes result in a decrease and an increasing irregularity of the rains, a disruption of the winter season, a greater frequency of pockets of drought and the decrease of the piezometric level of the water tables. In response to these changes, irrigators have adopted adaptation strategies, the most common of which are: offensive strategy or “chasing”, defensive strategy and contractive strategy. These strategies include various adaptation measures such as annual cleaning and deepening of wells, the use of water saving, the change of the cropping system and the reduction of irrigated area. These readjustments for most of the measures adopted by the irrigators have an impact on the elements of their operating account. In addition, offensive and defensive strategies appear to be the most economically profitable types of adaptation at the 1% level. Knowledge of different adaptation strategies and their economic returns enables adaptation options to be identified that are both realistic in terms of implementation and ambitious in terms of their objectives, and help develop priorities for adaptation of water resources for irrigation.

Les villes du Sud sont caractérisées par un étalement urbain, généralement accompagné d’une dynamique de différenciation sociospatiale très prononcée. Le contexte de la ville de Dakar, principal pôle attractif, concentrant les fonctions les plus importantes du territoire national sénégalais, est utilisé ici pour mettre en place une démarche méthodologique permettant d’analyser la différenciation sociospatiale. En convoquant les méthodes d’analyse multidimensionnelle et en nous basant sur les données issues d’enquêtes ménages originales, nous nous sommes donné l’objectif d’analyser la différenciation sociospatiale à Dakar. Il ressort de nos analyses que l’agglomération dakaroise est sujette à un étalement urbain, avec l’échec des politiques de planification du développement urbain et la déréglementation du marché du foncier et de l’immobilier, qui ont été sources d’exclusion des populations à faible revenu. L’analyse de ce territoire étalé montre un espace complexe, animé de dynamiques de différenciation sociospatiale très marquées.

The current theoretical crisis in Archaeology is caused by the conflict that exists between the philosophical systems of both archeological approaches processualism and postprocessualism. In this paper is proposed a participatory and transdisciplinary construction of the Archaeological knowledge in order to establish the foundations of an alternative theoretical paradigm.

Le concept de Systemes nationaux d’innovation (SNI), mis au point initialement par Freeman (1987, 1995), Lundvall (1992) et Nelson (1993), s’avere utile pour faire des analyses aux niveaux national, regional et sectoriel, et aussi pour elaborer des politiques qui favorisent la science et la technologie (S&T). Cette approche apporte une contribution importante et devoile le role majeur que joue le contexte institutionnel national dans la croissance economique basee sur l’innovation et l’enseignement.