Ecopetrol (Colombia)

The tectonically active northern Colombian Caribbean margin, where the Magdalena Canyons System (MCS) lies adjacent to the structurally confined La Aguja Canyon (LAC), provides an exceptional natural laboratory to investigate sediment mixing and the partitioning of transport pathways between coastal and deep-marine environments. Here, we integrate new detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology from 18 coastal and offshore samples (~1,900 grains) with published river and coastal datasets to assess how provenance signals are transferred from onshore sources through submarine canyon systems into offshore depocenters. Detrital zircon ages span from

Dear Editor, We present a rare case of a pedunculated angiofibroma originating in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), resulting in dynamic obstruction.[1,2] Although anesthetic and echocardiographic management followed standard protocols, this case emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, accurate imaging, and multidisciplinary care. A 49-year-old man without prior comorbidities was referred after auscultation revealed a grade III/VI systolic murmur at the pulmonic area. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a mobile, homogeneously dense mass prolapsing into the RVOT during systole, measuring approximately 7.2 cm², with preserved pulmonary valve function [Figure 1a]. Significant obstruction was noted, evidenced by elevated tricuspid transvalvular gradient and right-sided chamber pressures [Figure 1b]. Color Doppler imaging confirmed the limitation of transpulmonary flow [Figure 1c].Figure 1: Presurgical in-hospital transthoracic echocardiogram and angiocardiography. (a) Short axis image: large, rounded mass of 7.2 cm², unique, quite mobile with heterogeneous echogenicity, located on the pulmonary valvular plane and occupying a large part of the right ventricular outflow tract. (b) R. tricuspid: The mass generates significant obstruction to pulmonary transvalvular flow, resulting in increased right chamber pressures, reflected in the severe elevation of the tricuspid transvalvular gradient. (c) Color Doppler short-axis view of the great vessels: the significant degree of obstruction in the right ventricular outflow tract and the limitation of transpulmonary flow. (d) Angiocardiography shows a proximal oval vascular network of the anterior descending arteryCT pulmonary angiography demonstrated a hypodense, intraluminal lesion (40 × 27 mm) located in the RVOT and extending into the pulmonary artery. Coronary angiography revealed a vascular network at the pulmonary trunk from the left anterior descending artery [Figure 1d]. Given the risk of sudden obstruction, the patient underwent urgent surgical intervention. Via median sternotomy and standard extracorporeal circulation (without aortic clamping), arteriotomy of the pulmonary trunk exposed a 2 × 2 cm encapsulated, pedunculated mass adherent to the pulmonary valve [Figure 2a and b]. The lesion was excised completely with preservation of valvular anatomy. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course with stable hemodynamics and no need for vasopressors. TTE confirmed complete mass removal and preserved function.Figure 2: Intraoperative findings and surgical resection of angiofibroma. (a and b) Primary cardiac tumor, adherent to pulmonary valve. (c) Angiofibroma with homogeneous surface, encapsulated. (d) Section with smooth surface, degenerative myxoid appearance. (e) Angiofibroma after fixation in 10% formalinMacroscopically, the tumor exhibited a homogeneous, encapsulated surface with areas of myxoid degeneration [Figure 2c and d]. Fixation in formalin preserved structural integrity [Figure 2e]. Histopathological evaluation revealed a proliferation of medium-caliber and cleft-like vessels within a hypocellular myxoid stroma. Some vascular structures contained thrombi. CD34 immunostaining highlighted endothelial architecture, while smooth muscle actin was expressed in stromal and perivascular cells. The Ki-67 proliferation index was low (5%), supporting a benign phenotype [Figure 3a-c].Figure 3: Histological analysis of angiofibroma. (a) Hematoxylin-eosin staining shows a lesion composed of medium-caliber vessels with thrombus (asterisk). (b) Numerous elongated vessels on hypocellular lax stroma. (c) CD34 immunostaining highlights the cleft-branched vascular pattern with a stromal population lacking marker expression (inset)Primary cardiac tumors are uncommon, with benign variants comprising the majority. Vascular tumors, such as angiofibromas, are exceedingly rare and not included in the 2015 WHO classification.[3] They differ histologically from hemangiomas due to their heterogeneous vascular patterns and stromal characteristics.[1] The clinical presentation of cardiac tumors is influenced more by location than histology. RVOT obstruction may lead to dyspnea, fatigue, and right heart failure, although our patient was asymptomatic. This case underscores the importance of physical examination and echocardiography in identifying occult intracardiac lesions. Although intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was not used, it would ideally assist in monitoring tumor mobility, risk of embolization, and immediate post-resection cardiac function. In this case, TEE was unavailable, but the procedure was uneventful, with TTE guiding diagnosis and follow-up. Anesthetic and surgical management were conventional, and the patient remained stable without inotropic support, likely due to early diagnosis and effective resection. To our knowledge, this represents one of the very few documented cases of RVOT angiofibroma.[4] It reinforces the value of imaging in preoperative planning and the diagnostic role of histopathology. Awareness of this rare entity may aid in timely recognition and intervention, preventing potential hemodynamic compromise. Declaration of patient consent The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.

This article analyzes the impact of the gradual return to classrooms on the academic performance of two cohorts of students whose in-person education was interrupted by the health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pan­demic. The first cohort consists of students who were in 10th grade in 2020 and took the Saber 11 exam in 2021; the second includes those who were in 9th grade in 2020 and sat for the Saber 11 exam in 2022. The find­ings show a positive effect of the progressive return to classes on Saber 11 scores. For the second cohort, in the private sector, it helped close performance gaps among students exposed to different learning method­ologies, whereas in the public sector, these gaps remain.

El presente artículo analiza dos instituciones fundamentales del Derecho Laboral ecuatoriano: la jubilación patronal y el retiro voluntario, abordando su naturaleza jurídica, diferencias conceptuales y el marco normativo que las regula. A través de una metodología bibliográfica-documental, se examinan las disposiciones del Código del Trabajo, la Ley Orgánica del Servicio Público (LOSEP), la Ley Orgánica de Empresas Públicas (LOEP), y el Mandato Constituyente N.º 2, evidenciando los vacíos, superposiciones y contradicciones existentes entre estos cuerpos legales. Se determina que la jubilación patronal constituye un derecho adquirido de los trabajadores amparados por el Código del Trabajo, mientras que la indemnización por retiro voluntario es un beneficio discrecional sujeto a la disponibilidad presupuestaria y a políticas institucionales. Asimismo, se identifica la falta de una regulación unificada que precise el procedimiento, competencia y criterios de cálculo aplicables, lo que ha provocado conflictos administrativos y judiciales. Finalmente, el estudio propone la necesidad de una armonización normativa entre el régimen laboral público y privado, a fin de garantizar la seguridad jurídica, equidad y transparencia en la aplicación de ambos beneficios laborales, protegiendo los derechos de los trabajadores y promoviendo una gestión eficiente en las instituciones públicas ecuatorianas.

Abstract This paper presents the application of different technologies during the well plug and abandonment campaign of inactive old wells, where the lack of subsurface information jeopardizes the design of a proper abandonment that fulfills government regulations and industry standards, such as aquifer protection and placing effective well integrity barriers, to mitigate the risk of fluid migration from the wellbore to the environment, aligning our operations with some of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Due to the lack of information on the +100-year-old wells, during the Plug and Abandonment (P&A) campaign, it was necessary to run different wireline logs to identify the presence of aquifers using pulsed neutron logs, along with verifying the cement behind the casing and validate casing corrosion. Once this information was acquired, most wells required cement placement behind casing using perforating or annulus connectivity technologies such as hydromechanical perforation blades, torch cutters and pressure cutters, to prevent affecting the integrity of the second casing. All those alternatives were validated by Technical Authorities according to the Well Intervention Guide (WIG) process. Taking advantage of the combination of different technologies, it was possible to successfully carry out the definitive plug and abandonment execution of more than 70 inactive old wells in several fields (Colorado, Buturama, Camoa, Petrolea) in Colombia where most of them exhibited integrity issues and sustained casing pressure. The presence and depths of aquifers were identified properly and protected according to government regulations, likewise, the integrity of the pre-existing casings and cement were verified. New effective transverse barriers that covered the annulus were established using annulus connectivity alternatives such as explosive-free torch cutters and hydromechanical perforating technologies among others, to communicate between casings and install effective transverse barriers without affecting the integrity of the external casing. With this strategy, it was possible to perform the Plug and Abandonment (P&A) operations applying the technology available with no HSE incidents and supporting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), aligned mainly with two of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Clean Water and Sanitation, and Life on Land, among others. The Application of Pulsed Neutron-Neutron (PNN) Log is an option during Plug and Abandonment operations as an innovative solution when the identification of aquifers is required on inactive old wells with a lack of information. In order to establish effective transverse barriers, there are useful alternatives for annulus connectivity like explosive-free hydromechanical perforation and torch and pressure cutter technologies to prevent damage to the external casing when placing cement barriers in the annulus.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fped.2025.1623355.].

A series of cross sections, field relationships, and geochronologic and thermochronologic constraints demonstrate the existence of a Late Cretaceous−Miocene hybrid thick- and thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belt in the Western Cordillera of southern Peru (15°S−16°S). Shortening in the eastern half of the central Andes has been thoroughly investigated, but in southern Peru, the timing, position, and style of deformation within the western slope during Andean orogenesis remain poorly constrained. Thermal modeling of zircon fission-track results and the zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He data from the hanging wall of a northeast-verging basement-involved reverse fault in the Western Cordillera demonstrate rapid cooling from ca. 75 Ma to 55 Ma. We propose this cooling history reflects the onset, or continuation, of contractional deformation and is the earliest quantitative record of shortening in southern Peru. In the footwall of this structure, we documented a thin-skinned duplex and a fault-bend fold, attesting to the linkage within this hybrid thick- and thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belt. In the forearc, crosscutting relationships reveal a reactivated normal fault that was inverted during the Oligocene, part of a southwest-verging domain that constitutes the other flank of this fold-and-thrust belt and highlights the role of selective reactivation of preexisting structures. Timing constraints on other structures reveal spatially distributed deformation spanning the forearc and Western Cordillera during the Eocene to Miocene. The resulting interpretations highlight diverse structural styles, inherited structures, and distributed out-of-sequence deformation across the northern central Andes of southern Peru, which have implications for the spatiotemporal distribution and style of deformation throughout the central Andes.

Accurate assessment of histological remission is a critical goal in the management of ulcerative colitis (UC); however, routine evaluation is hindered by the invasiveness of endoscopy and biopsy. Non-invasive alternatives like intestinal ultrasound (IUS) and faecal calprotectin (FC) show promise for monitoring mucosal inflammation, though their ability to predict histological healing remains underexplored. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of IUS, FC, and their combined use for detecting histologic remission in patients with UC. A comprehensive literature search identified two eligible studies comprising 72 patients. Pooled estimates for IUS demonstrated high sensitivity (0.84, 95% CI: 0.35–0.98) but variable specificity (0.78, 95% CI: 0.08–0.99), while FC alone exhibited high sensitivity (0.85, 95% CI: 0.72–0.92) with moderate specificity (0.60, 95% CI: 0.38–0.79). Notably, only one study assessed the combined diagnostic approach, reporting superior performance with sensitivity and specificity of 0.88 and 0.80, respectively. The certainty of the evidence was rated as moderate. These exploratory findings suggest that a multimodal, non-invasive approach combining IUS and FC may improve diagnostic accuracy in detecting histological remission in UC, potentially reducing reliance on invasive procedures. However, given the limited number of studies included and the high degree of heterogeneity, these results should be interpreted with caution. Further large-scale, methodologically robust studies are needed to validate these preliminary findings and establish standardized diagnostic protocols.