Electrical Distribution Design (United States)

Abstract Biomass–fungi composites offer renewable, biodegradable, and energy-efficient alternatives to conventional petroleum-derived plastic materials. These composites are produced by combining lignocellulosic biomass with filamentous fungal mycelium, which naturally binds and interconnects biomass particles into products. Their mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties can be tailored through fungal strain selection, substrate composition, and processing conditions, making them suitable for applications in packaging, construction, furniture, and insulation. The integration of biomass–fungi composites into additive manufacturing has further expanded their potential, enabling the fabrication of products with complex shapes. However, printing biologically active mixtures introduces unique challenges, including control of rheological behavior, maintenance of fungal viability, and optimization of interlayer bonding. This review summarizes recent progress in the bioink formulation, pre-/post-processing, and 3D printing of biomass–fungi composites, highlighting the relationships between feedstock preparation, printing parameters, and resulting structural and functional properties. Finally, it outlines opportunities to enhance printability, scalability, and emerging functionalities, providing a roadmap for advancing biomass–fungi composite materials toward industrial applications.

The FAIR principles — Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable — underpin Open Science but does not fully ensure the long-term usability of interactive data services like the IPCC WGI Interactive Atlas. Drawing on lessons learned from developing and operating the Interactive Atlas, this presentation explores the challenges of sustaining such services, which rely not only on FAIR-compliant data and software but also on continuous stewardship, infrastructure maintenance, and institutional commitment.Scientific quality and transparency of the Interactive Atlas are supported through expert assessment by the IPCC authors, provenance documentation, and Complex Citation, which combine the attribution of credit for assessed digital objects with the traceability of digital IPCC results. Yet, sustaining reliability requires ongoing stewardship of both data and software to prevent degradation and preserve reproducibility. Addressing these needs demands joint efforts of the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (DDC) Partners to maintain data, documentation, and interactive components for a diverse user community. FAIR alone is not enough — long-term data preservation and infrastructure maintenance are essential to ensure the sustainability and trustworthiness of interactive data services in Earth system science.By reflecting on both the successes and limitations of the Interactive Atlas, this contribution offers insights relevant to other Earth system science communities developing interactive or service-oriented data products. These approaches are also applicable to fields beyond Earth system science.

Because long distribution lines are vulnerable to the effects of natural disasters several studies are underway on removing distribution facilities and access lines to remote area and creating islanding distribution systems (off-grid) there using distributed power sources. Inverter power sources are considered to be useful for such off-grid power sources. However, one of the problems facing this is recovering the initial capital expenditure costs. In this paper, we consider, as a general concept, the cost impact assessment of electricity retailing revenues (as a PPA project) in addition to the conventional CAPEX cost assessment and operating costs. At the same time, this paper provides a unique reference for pricing when introducing PPA projects in Japan.

Electrical power network infrastructure in different countries is implemented either through overhead lines or underground power cables. Each method offers distinct advantages and disadvantages, depending on the requirements and considerations of the governing bodies responsible for maintaining these networks, such as power grid regulators or local electrical distributors within a city or state. Singapore serves as a notable example of a country that constructs its electrical networks entirely underground due to the constraint of limited space on the island. Thanks to its reliable electrical infrastructure and stringent voltage regulations, Singapore’s electrical network maintains excellent power quality throughout the year, supported by advanced Power Quality Monitoring Systems (PQMS). To control the maximum electrical fault current within the network, network cuts are strategically introduced to limit the potential fault current. This segmentation results in two blocks with varying load profiles, which can lead to high inrush currents during the closing of such network cuts. This paper presents a case study in which a practical engineering approach was applied to determine the optimal time of day for performing Medium Voltage switching, using Singapore’s electrical distribution network as a basis. By leveraging real-time sampled data from the State Estimator within the Energy Management System (EMS) and Distribution Management System (DMS), along with data analysis through load flow calculations, the study provides insights into key considerations for similar scenarios involving switching operations with large current flows due to dynamic block infrastructure. This approach can potentially enable control operators to predict an optimal period for performing switching with lower current swings, thereby reducing the overall risk of potential damage to assets within the grid.

The reliability of an electrical network is essential in providing uninterrupted power supply to consumers. To achieve a high level of reliability, Singapore's underground medium voltage network utilizes several protection schemes that co-exist and function simultaneously to ensure that the distribution grid minimizes or if possible, eliminates any downtime for consumers. Distance protection is one such scheme that is commonly integrated within transmission networks to identify and isolate faults. It is particularly effective for transmission systems with long cable spans, as well as ensuring fast fault isolation while maintaining selectivity, as only the affected section is disconnected and isolated from other functioning parts of the overall network. Due to its niche usage in the transmission network, distance protection is typically not implemented within distribution networks, as it comprises shorter spans and denser cable layouts as compared to transmission networks. Nonetheless, distance protection could still prove to be potentially useful in distribution systems, especially with the increasing adoption of distributed energy resources (DERs) like solar, wind, and battery storage. This study aims to analyse the feasibility of implementing distance protection within Singapore's distribution network. It focuses on two main criteria: the specifications of existing equipment, such as the voltage and current sensitivity of distance relays, and the implementation costs. By addressing these factors, this study seeks to evaluate whether distance protection can be used to improve the reliability of distribution networks in an increasingly complex power system.

Applying Load Flow Models is essential for Power System Control Operators to ensure that the impact of network switching is minimized. Switching, involving the closing or opening of Circuit Breakers at high speeds (up to milliseconds), can occasionally result in current surges, especially when there are significant differences in the load profiles of networks separated by network cuts. These differences can arise due to variations in voltage magnitude, voltage angle, and active power transfer between two generators. By simulating the load flow when two different generation blocks are connected, the Distribution Control Operator can assess the impact of switching within the Medium Voltage Network before conducting routine activities. These activities include condition monitoring for defect detection, asset maintenance according to a maintenance cycle index, and the relocation or replacement of assets as part of network renewal projects. In cases where abnormalities are detected—such as a simulated large current surge—the Control Operator can collaborate with on-site engineers to devise alternative solutions, ensuring that the work does not compromise the reliability of the network. This simulation-based prediction methodology helps prevent undesirable outcomes, such as network tripping or asset damage caused by currents exceeding the rated specifications of equipment. This paper reviews the applied load flow model used in the Medium Voltage Distribution Network within SP Group since 2023. The model has been applied in over 291 case studies, successfully preventing approximately 25 potential incidents. Using statistical analysis, the accuracy of the model has been shown to be highly effective, with estimations closely aligning with the assigned thresholds. As a result, the model enhances the overall safety of staff and equipment, instils confidence in field engineers, and significantly reduces the risk of accidents within the Medium Voltage Distribution Network.

Purpose - This research examines how intellectual capital, innovation, and sustainable growth correlate in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) within the fashion industry. Moreover, it investigates how innovation's mediating role influences the relationship between intellectual capital and sustainable growth. Methodology - This research employed a quantitative correlational approach. Data was gathered via online questionnaires distributed to 200 owners or managers of fashion sector MSMEs in Palembang City through a purposive sampling technique. The researchers analyzed data by employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Findings - The analysis reveals that intellectual capital significantly and positively influences Inn, while Inn serves as a partial mediator linking intellectual capital to sustainable growth. The variance in Inn is explained by 79.1%, and the variance in sustainable growth is explained by 92.7% through the research model, highlighting the impact of effective intellectual capital management on fostering innovation and sustainable growth. Originality - This research makes a new contribution by integrating intellectual capital, innovation, and sustainable growth in the context of fashion sector MSMEs in developing countries. The research confirms the importance of intellectual capital management as a catalyst for innovation and sustainable growth, especially in MSMEs in Palembang.

The paper describes a high-frequency model for transient calculation in transformer windings with segmentation on a turn level. The windings are represented by lumped RLC parameters given by the analytical approach, whereas the model is solved in the time domain. The accuracy of the analytical calculation is improved with correction factors obtained with a set of numerical calculations. The presented model is verified by measurements on the example of power transformer disc winding.