Electromagnetic Geoservices (Norway)

Many natural tasks require the visual system to classify image patches accurately into target categories, including the category of no target. Natural target categories often involve high levels of within-category variability (uncertainty), making it challenging to uncover the underlying computational mechanisms. Here, we describe these tasks as identification from a set of exhaustive, mutually exclusive target categories, each partitioned into mutually exclusive subcategories. We derive the optimal decision rule and present a computational method to simulate performance for moderately large and complex tasks. We focus on the detection of an additive wavelet target in white noise with five dimensions of stimulus uncertainty: target amplitude, orientation, scale, background contrast, and spatial pattern. We compare the performance of the ideal observer with various heuristic observers. We find that a properly normalized heuristic MAX observer (SNN-MAX) approximates optimal performance. We also find that a convolutional neural network trained on this task approaches but does not reach optimal performance, even with extensive training. We measured human performance on a task with three of these dimensions of uncertainty (orientation, scale, and background pattern). Results show that the pattern of hits and correct rejections for the ideal and SNN-MAX observers (but not a simple MAX observer) aligns with the data. Additionally, we measured performance without scale and orientation uncertainty and found that the effect of uncertainty on performance was less than predicted by any model. This unexpectedly small effect can largely be explained by incorporating biologically plausible levels of intrinsic position uncertainty into the models.

For Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 (L8 and L9), the radiometric stability of the Operational Land Imager (OLI) is monitored using two solar diffusers, three sets of stimulation lamps, and regular lunar collects. Consistent response to the multiple calibrators provides high confidence in the radiometric characterization of the imagers over time and calibration parameters needed to maintain the stability of image products. After 11 years on orbit, all spectral bands in Landsat 8 OLI are stable within 1.5%, while Landsat 9 OLI degradation over its 2.5 years of life remains within 0.3% across all bands.The MultiSpectral Instruments (MSIs) onboard Sentinel 2A and 2B (S2A and S2B) satellites were designed with 8 similar spectral bands (out of 13) as the OLIs, which created opportunities to combine data from both types of instruments and obtain higher temporal frequency of Earth observations. To ensure proper interoperability among the different instruments, they need to be radiometrically cross-calibrated and consistently georeferenced. We use coincident acquisitions over Pseudo Invariant Calibration Sites (PICS) to monitor the radiometric calibration consistency and stability of the instruments over time. For geometry, Landsat and Sentinel 2 images acquired within a month of each other over the same ground targets were used to assess the co-registration accuracy between the sensor products.Our results show a general agreement in radiometry of all four instruments over their lifetimes to within 1%. Following the launch of MSI instruments, the initial geometric co-registration assessment between the MSI instruments and the Landsat 8 OLI instrument showed more than 12 m Circular Error (CE90), larger than a Sentinel 2, 10m, pixel. To further improve co-registration and, thus, interoperability of the four instruments, Landsat Collection-2 products use a geometric reference that was harmonized using the Global Reference Image (GRI). The GRI is a dataset consisting of geometrically refined Sentinel 2 images with an absolute accuracy better than 6 m globally. After adopting a common geometric reference in the generation of Landsat and Sentinel 2 products, our assessment of geometric co-registration of the Landsat and Sentinel terrain-corrected products shows a CE90 error of less than 6 m.Multiple efforts have also been made to validate the accuracy of surface reflectance products from both Landsat and Sentinel 2. In-situ measurements have been made during overpasses of L8, L9, S2A, and S2B using various methods. These measurements also show consistency between all the sensors and can also be used for other missions.

importncia em trabalhar a preveno, de forma a orientar e ofertar escuta acolhedora, bem como colocar-se disponvel enquanto profissional que encoraja o crescimento e acredita no potencial daquele sujeito.

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menos concretas e mais abstratas), no mbito dos parentescos semnticos em contextos de polissemia. 2 Dessa forma, produtivo para explicar a mudana semntica em canais de gramaticalizao, numa pers-

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This article represents the State of the Art carried out as part of the ongoing master's research on beginning teachers in Mogi das Cruzes and their relationship with assessment, aiming to understand the production of knowledge in the area. For this purpose, a literature survey was carried out on the topic of interest, analysis and listing of the articles to carry out the state of the art. This survey indicated that the beginning of the teaching career is marked by challenges and difficulties that influence teachers, including whether to continue in the profession. This phase is fundamental for this professional, having their own characteristics and needs, which need to be considered. It was concluded that although studies in the area indicate needs, such as specific training and public policies to support beginning teachers, this still does not happen in a systematic way in Brazil, with only a few isolated examples.

We discuss how the marine Controlled Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) technology has developed and matured into a robust geophysical technology with appropriate workflows and proper understanding of its applicability. Presentation Date: Monday, October 12, 2020 Session Start Time: 1:50 PM Presentation Time: 3:05 PM Location: 361F Presentation Type: Oral

Summary We investigate how 3D CSEM can provide subsurface mapping for a hypothetical CO2 containment storage loss scenario. The CO2 distribution in the injection unit is reduced along a supposed transmissible fault. The resistivity reduction due to CO2 escape from the reservoir can be recovered using 3D inversion. Using a rock physics model, we can quantify the change of CO2 volume in the injection unit. Our study results illustrate both the utility of 3D CSEM for CCS and the uncertainty and resolution limitations of the method.