Ferenc Rákóczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute

In a globalized and unpredictable economic environment, effective and strategic inventory management plays a key role in the life of every business. This is especially true for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are forced to respond quickly and flexibly to changing market demands with limited resources. This study examines the strategic importance of inventory management using the example of a Hungarian SME, qsd2 Kft., with a particular focus on geotextiles as a key product category. The research focuses on two key questions: the impact of the introduction of the consignment inventory model on the financial stability and customer service of , and the role of the geographical diversification of the supplier network (domestic, EU, and Chinese partners) in terms of cost efficiency and risk management. The study, which combines qualitative and quantitative methods—based on an analysis of company documents, semi-structured interviews, and procurement data—shows that consignment stocking has significantly improved the company's liquidity and reduced customer dissatisfaction due to stock shortages. In addition, the conscious geographical diversification of suppliers contributed to increased security of supply and reduced cost volatility. At the same time, the practical application of the model has also brought administrative, legal, and communication challenges to the surface. One of the most important lessons of the research is that inventory management can become a real competitive advantage for SMEs if it is supported not only at the operational level but also with a strategic and technological approach. Digital decision support systems, advanced demand forecasting techniques, and the integration of sustainability considerations can open up new perspectives in inventory optimization. Future research could expand our knowledge of this topic through cross-sector comparisons and a deeper examination of the role of IoT-based inventory monitoring and AI-supported forecasting solutions.

Bentonite clays are widely used in polymer composites due to their ability to enhance mechanical and thermal properties. This study investigates the impact of various bentonite types on the rheology of polyurethane (PU) foam formulations and the stability of the resulting foams. Seven different bentonite samples, including both raw and activated forms, were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and incorporated into polyurethane premixes. Rheological analysis revealed a significant correlation between bentonite content and viscosity hysteresis, which influenced foam stability. Results showed that certain bentonite types, such as natrium-activated bentonite from Hungary (B3 and B5), improved foam integrity by maintaining low hysteresis values, while others, such as calcium Romanian bentonite (B1), or Na-Ca-bentonite from Slovakia (B2) and standard Wyoming Na-bentonite from USA (B6), led to foam collapse at higher concentrations. Additionally, compressive strength tests demonstrated that small amounts of bentonite enhanced with 250% or more the mechanical properties of the foam. In the case of natrium-activated bentonite from Hungary (B3), catalytic effect is also revealed, decreasing the reaction time with 20%. This research provides insights into the role of bentonites as fillers in polyurethane composites, identifying key factors that determine their compatibility and usability.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-18822-0.

The article analyzes how Oscar Wilde's literary fairy tales help secondary school students understand important things in life such as what is good or bad, how to treat people, and how to make the right choices.It explains why fairy tales are important and why they matter, how they support emotional and moral development.It analyses three well-known stories The Selfish Giant, The Star Child, and The Happy Prince by Oscar Wilde.Each of these stories teaches a simple but a strong moral lesson about such human qualities as kindness, honesty, responsibility or self-sacrifice.Fairy tales are a special kind of story.They are known almost in every culture, and many of them have similar ideas, even if they were created in different parts of the world.Even though people often think of fairy tales as something for children, they actually started much earlier and were not just for young audiences.These stories changed a lot over time, but they still keep some features that help us recognize them.The article analyses how Oscar Wilde's literary fairy tales are one of the world's most influential forms of storytelling.They play an important role in shaping

The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of Irish sovereignty as the foundation of statehood and foreign policy strategy of the Republic of Ireland in the context of global political transformations of the 20th–21st centuries. It is argued that the policy of neutrality of the Republic of Ireland has a rich history. It helps the country to avoid participation in military conflicts and influences international events. Ireland is not a member of military alliances and mutual defense agreements, which allows it to maintain independence. The EU and international partners respect the sovereignty and neutrality of Ireland, which is confirmed by legal guarantees provided in 2009. Ireland’s decision on neutrality was made after the struggle for independence and tense relations with the UK. Commitment to neutrality is not permanent, and its meaning continues to be reconsidered. Ireland’s increased participation in peacekeeping missions and integration into the EU have drawn attention to its neutrality. However, some aspects of EU integration raise concerns, especially the EU’s common foreign and security policy. It is shown that Irish neutrality has been the subject of debate and different interpretations since its inception. Ireland has traditionally followed a policy of neutrality, which is a historical tradition, not an obligation, as in the case of Austria. The policy of non-intervention in international relations was formed before the creation of the Irish Republic in 1948, when Ireland left the British Commonwealth. This decision was due to the desire of the Irish people to avoid involvement in British military conflicts, as well as the desire to gain independence and sovereignty from British rule. Irish neutrality is not enshrined in the constitution and has no official interpretation, but it is felt and real. After centuries of political oppression and repression by Britain, the Irish sought independence and self-determination. The idea was to pursue a policy different from the British in order to emphasize the uniqueness of the country. With the outbreak of World War II, neutrality began to be associated with the struggle for freedom. In the context of global political transformations of the 21st century, Proponents of the idea that it is impossible to maintain neutrality argue that the involvement of the Republic of Ireland in international relations excludes the possibility of maintaining neutrality. However, this approach does not take into account the changing geopolitical situation and the opinion of the Irish, who continue to consider their country neutral. It has been established that the Republic of Ireland is actively involved in international politics, being a member of the UN and a participant in the NATO Partnership for Peace program. It allowed the United States to use one of its airports for military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Irish forces participated in UN peacekeeping missions. The liveliest discussions concern Ireland’s relationship with the EU. It has been proven that the Irish are worried about losing independence and neutrality, despite a positive attitude towards EU membership. Fear of losing sovereignty and neutrality affects public opinion. The position of most politicians has changed, not coinciding with public opinion. The last real supporter of neutrality was I. de Valera, who presented this concept as official. Currently, the vast majority of Irish people support neutrality.

Purpose. This study investigates the challenges faced by teachers of multilingual learners at the Ferenc Rákóczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education in Ukraine. The college serves a diverse student population, including native Ukrainian speakers and Hungarian speakers, as well as speakers of other languages, creating a complex and dynamic multilingual learning environment. This research aims to understand the specific challenges faced by teachers in navigating this linguistic diversity to support all students' academic success. Methodology. A mixed-methods approach was employed for this research. Document analysis was conducted to examine the college's institutional language policies and their implications for teaching and learning. This included an analysis of official documents, such as the college charter and curriculum guidelines. Observational data was collected from multilingual classrooms simultaneously, to understand real-time language practices. Results. The findings reveal several key challenges. Firstly, addressing varying levels of proficiency in Ukrainian, Hungarian, and English within the same classroom presents significant pedagogical demands. Providing individualized support, including extra tutoring and language support services, was also identified as crucial for ensuring all students can engage effectively with the learning material. Secondly, the successful use of intermediary languages, such as English, in facilitating instruction across different language backgrounds proved to be a crucial consideration. Conclusions. The study underscores the complexities of teaching in a multilingual environment. It highlights the importance of teacher training and professional development in areas such as multilingual pedagogy, intercultural communication, and the development and utilization of appropriate language-learning resources. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for educators and policymakers in multilingual contexts, emphasizing the need for flexible and inclusive approaches to teaching and learning that address the unique linguistic and cultural needs of all students.

The article explores contemporary trends in the restaurant business, specifically in the context of the development of third-wave restaurant establishments. The article analyzes the influence of innovations and technologies on the gastronomic industry, compares third-wave restaurants with traditional restaurant establishments, and identifies key differences in their organization and operation. The authors examine the use of innovative technologies such as artificial intelligence, data analytics, and automated management systems. Examples of the application of these technologies in the restaurant business are provided, including demand analysis, inventory management, and customer recommendations. The article discusses the difference between third-wave restaurants and traditional establishments in choosing culinary concepts and approaches to menu formation. The authors emphasize the individualized approach to cooking technology and the introduction of the innovative dishes in third-wave restaurant enterprises, characterized by a deeper understanding of modern gastronomic trends and customer preferences. A shift in focus towards individualized service and active interaction with guests through social networks is noted in third-wave restaurant establishments, compared to the potentially more formal approach of traditional establishments. The role of third-wave hospitality establishments in implementing sustainable development concepts is considered. In conclusion, the authors express the belief that third-wave restaurant establishments have the potential not only to transform the gastronomic landscape but also to become key contributors to the development of the restaurant business in Ukraine. It is noted that their innovations and technological approach can set new standards for service, menu diversity, and attitudes toward environmental impact. The article concludes by highlighting the need for the further research in this area and the prospects for the development of the restaurant business in Ukraine in the face of the growing popularity of third-wave restaurant establishments.

In this work, α-tocopherol and trolox were studied as compounds that have high biological activity. α-Tocopherol is considered a food additive because the refining process of vegetable oils causes the depletion of this vitamin, and thus, its inclusion is required to keep them from oxidizing. Computational tools have determined the antioxidant activity of these additives. The geometries of the studied molecules were optimized using two density functional methods, including M05-2X and M06-2X, in combination with the 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set. The results indicated that when comparing the antioxidant activity of α-tocopherol and trolox, they were very similar to each other, but α-tocopherol had an antioxidant activity slightly higher, around 1.2 kJ/mol, than trolox. Thus, these additives can be used as polymer additives to protect materials from free-radical-induced stress. To test their applicability in polymeric formulations, flexible polyurethane foams were prepared with varying α-tocopherol ratios and NCO indices (1.0 and 1.1). Increasing the α-tocopherol content reduced the compressive force and altered the mechanical properties, likely due to its presence in the foam structure. This additive not only fine-tuned the mechanical properties but also provided antioxidant effects, enabling multiple enhancements in polymeric products with a single additive.