Foundation for Individual Rights in Education

<ns3:p>Kierowanie działaniem ratowniczym to sprawowanie funkcji władczej, pełnionej czasowo przezosobę posiadającą odpowiednie kompetencje oraz kwalifikacje. Kierujący działaniem ratowniczym,wypełniając nakładane na niego zadania, zobowiązany jest do ich realizacji, korzystając szeregupraw uprawnień władczych. Przewodząc działaniom podległych sił ramach aktywności ratowniczychwładczo przypisanych JOP, kierujący uosabia system bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa,działania, jakie podejmuje każdorazowo mają na celu ograniczanie bądź likwidację zagrożeń dladóbr prawnie chronionych. polskim systemie prawnym kierujący działaniem ratowniczym jestswoistym wyjątkiem, ponieważ na czas sprawowania władztwa nabywa szereg kompetencjipozwalających mu ograniczać swobody obywatelskie, wydawać decyzję administracyjne ze skutkiemnatychmiastowej wykonalności, występować roli jednoosobowego organu administracyjnego czywypełniać zadania przypisane funkcjonariuszom publicznym.Sprawowanie funkcji władczej ramach aktywności ratowniczych JOP, począwszy od określeniarodzaju tych aktywności, wskazanie ich prawnych granic oraz wynikający tego zakres praw uprawnieńwładczych, stanowiący zbiór kompetencji kierującego, posłużą autorom do ukazania kierującegodziałaniem ratowniczym jako jednoosobowego organu administracyjnego.</ns3:p>

Accurate prediction of hazardous gas dispersion is crucial for risk assessment. During a chlorinerelease, a toxic cloud forms near the ground surface. The extent of the hazardous zone depends onmeteorological conditions, terrain features and source characteristics. This study presents a numericalmodel of chlorine emissions from a storage tank, accounting for both the type of release (gas-phaseor two-phase outflow) and atmospheric parameters, with the aim of predicting chlorine concentrationsand supporting emergency response planning and mitigation measures. In this work, a simulationwas made of an accidental chlorine release in an open area from a cylindrical storage tank (diameter0.8 m, height 1.2 m, filling level 64%). A two-dimensional (2D) horizontal dispersion model wasdeveloped using the ALOHA software to assess near-ground concentration profiles and cloudspreading. The 2D modelling enabled the evaluation of horizontal chlorine dispersion in differentseasons and under varying meteorological conditions for both two-phase and gas-phase releases.Under identical meteorological conditions, the two-phase release produced zone ranges (forconcentrations &gt; 1000 ppm) up to three times larger than those observed for the gas-phase release.The influence of atmospheric stability and wind speed on the shape of the hazard zone washighlighted. The largest hazardous zone ranges occurred under high atmospheric stability (stabilityclasses F and E). The faster the air mass flow, the smaller the extent and maximum width of thehazardous zone. Wind speed, time of day and season were observed to have a significant impact ondispersion, underscoring their importance in hazard prediction and emergency response planning.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, drones) are being increasingly recognised as valuable tools inemergency response. In water rescue, their potential lies in accelerating detection, expandingsituational awareness and reducing risks to rescuers. However, systematic evidence from Central andEastern Europe is scarce. This article presents a retrospective, nationwide cross-sectional study ofdrone-assisted interventions by the State Fire Service (SFS) in Poland between 2021 and 2024. Datawere obtained from the Decision Support System (DSS) of the SFS and cross-verified with annualbulletins and official statistics. Incidents were identified by predefined water-related keywords.Variables included incident type: local threats (LT) or fire, season, year, intervention duration andsearch outcomes. Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametric tests with a significancethreshold of p &lt; 0.05.A total of 1,155 drone-assisted interventions have been recorded, of which 169 (14.6%) were classifiedas water-related. Most were LTs (95.9%), with person searches as the dominant category. The numberof interventions increased steadily year by year (from 15 in 2021 to 93 in 2024). Mean interventiontimes varied significantly across years (p &lt; 0.001) and seasons (p = 0.004), with the longest durationsin summer and the shortest in winter. No statistically significant association has been ascertainedbetween season and search outcome (χ = 8.39; p = 0.211). Regional differences were evident in boththe number and duration of interventions. The use of UAVs in Polish water rescue operations keepsrising, particularly in search missions. While UAVs enhance detection and monitoring, finaloutcomes depend on broader clinical and environmental factors. Findings support the systematicintegration of UAVs into national water rescue protocols, with emphasis on seasonal and regionalresource allocation, interoperable coordination between SFS, VWRS and SAR, and standardisedmission documentation to strengthen public health impact.

<ns3:p>Transport of hazardous materials is a high-risk activity, both for human health and life and for thenatural environment. Despite the implementation of safety measures and the systematic adaptationof regulations to current norms and standards, the level of risk in this sector remains significant.This article presents an analysis of risks arising from the accidental release of hazardous substances,using aniline and formic acid as examples, in the context of road transport. It also outlines the legalframework for the transport of hazardous substances in tankers and the possibility of transportinghazardous substances under the ADR Agreement. The aim of the research was to determine theimpact of such conditions as the weather, time of day, the scale of the leak and its location on thepropagation of the hazard. The calculations were performed using specialised ALOHA computersoftware, which enables the modelling and visualisation of the effects of potential incidents.A total of 24 simulations were performed as part of the study. The results of the calculations indicatethat for lower temperatures, lower wind speeds, less cloud cover and high emissions in open areas atnight, the range of the danger zones is greater. In scenarios with a temperature of 10C, wind speedof 1 m/s, clear skies and emissions of 5 l/min at 02:29, the length of hazard zones in non-urban areasreached up to 3 km, and an area of up to 478,755 m2, which corresponds to the area of 67 standardfootball pitches. An increase in temperature, wind speed, cloud cover and a change in the time of dayand emission levels reduced the propagation of hazardous substances. In the case of releases of 0.5 l/min of a hazardous substance at 12:29 p.m. with a wind speed of 3 m/s, a temperature of 20C andpartial cloud cover in urban areas, the lowest results were observed. The study also determined theimpact of the volatility of the substance and its molar mass on the propagation of the hazard.</ns3:p>

The objective of this article is to present the results of an analysis and evaluation of the operationalsecurity status in selected counties of the Mazovian Province (Węgrów, Sokołów, Ostrów andWyszków Counties) provided by units of the National Firefighting and Rescue System (NFRS)operating in these counties. The study was conducted in 2025 in the Mazovian Province. This studytests the hypothesis that the implementation of additional administrative and organizationalmeasures — particularly those involving the optimisation of NFRS unit locations and improvedresponse time coverage modelling — would significantly improve the territorial effectiveness ofoperational security in selected counties of the Mazovian Province. As part of the research, thepotential of NFRS entities operating in the counties was assessed, threats to the selected countieswere evaluated and relevant assumptions were adopted. The most vulnerable municipalities withinthe selected counties of the Mazovian Province were identified and simulations of operationalsecurity capabilities for these counties by NFRS units were carried out using Quantum GeographicInformation System (QGIS) software. The research hypothesis was validated by results of theconducted evaluation.

The main objective of this study was to analyse the feasibility of using PyroSim software to evaluate theextinguishing effectiveness of sprinklers in case of fires involving selected combustible materials, whichare often found in modern interiors, such as polyurethane and pinewood. To perform numericalcalculations, a geometric model of the computational domain, consisting of a selected room and itsfurnishings located at the Military University of Technology in Warsaw, was established. This modelwas parameterised and four thermocouples and two sprinklers were deployed. A numerical model ofthe combustion reaction of the selected combustible materials was also developed. This model was usedto conduct numerical analyses for two selected sprinkler models from The Viking Corporation, ModelM, and Grinnell, Model A. HRR fire rate curves, the total heat release curves, and the smoke distributionsat 10, 20, 40, and 60 seconds of the fire duration, as well as the room temperature curves at 10, 30, and60 second were obtained during simulation studies. Furthermore, also presented were the temperaturecurves recorded by the four thermocouples. Analyses of the obtained results enabled the assessment ofthe extinguishing effectiveness of the selected sprinklers and their impact on the combustion process ofselected materials, and thus on the development and spread of fire hazards such as smoke and thermalimpact. Based on the analysis, several conclusions have been formulated. It was found that bothsprinklers used did not provide complete control of smoke spread, and that the Grinnell sprinklers weremore effective in reducing temperature and overall heat release than the Viking sprinklers. Comparingthe total heat released after 60 seconds, the Grinnell sprinklers were found to be approximately 40%more efficient than the Viking sprinklers. This is further confirmed by the fact that the maximumtemperature recorded by thermocouple No. 1 was approximately 120C lower during polyurethanecombustion and approximately 150C lower during pine wood combustion for the Grinnell sprinklers.This results from their faster activation due to their lower temperature threshold (57C for the Grinnelland 68C for the Viking) and the activation of two sprinklers rather than one within the assumedsimulation window. Therefore, it is recommended to use the Grinnell model in situations requiringrapid and effective temperature control.

Recently, ionic liquids have been studied intensively as potential flame retardants for polymers.Ionic liquids (ILs) are compounds completely composed of ions with melting point below 100C.Given the set of tuneable properties, ILs are used in a wide range of applications, including organicsynthesis, analysis, extraction and separation processes, high-temperature lubricants, heat-transferfluids, and thermal energy storage.ILs have emerged as a new option for fire safety applications. The review presents recent developmentsin the use of ionic liquids (ILs) for designing polymer materials endowed with enhanced flameretardancy. The fire properties of polymers being reviewed are reactions to small flames (limitingoxygen index, vertical burning test) and cone calorimetry. The fire properties measured in the conecalorimeter are discussed, including heat release rate and smoke production. The possible flameretardance mechanisms of ionic liquids are discussed.

Objective:This study aims to assess the effectiveness of coupled plasma filtration and adsorption (CPFA) in patients with SAP through its effect on inflammatory mediators and sublingual circulating blood volume. The hypothesis put to test is that CPFA can achieve a satisfactory reduction in inflammatory mediators and enhance sublingual microcirculation in SAP with a very good clinical outcome.Methods:A cohort of 112 SAP patients admitted to the ICU of our institution between January 2018 and December 2022 was consecutively recruited. Participants were randomized to the CPFA or the control group (standard treatment) using a random number table for assignment. Posttreatment alterations in inflammatory mediators and sublingual microcirculation were analyzed and compared.Results:Following treatment, the study group showed significantly reduced levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 versus the control group. In addition, the study group witnessed lower serum and urinary amylase levels and APACHE II and SOFA scores. Parameters related to sublingual microcirculation, including total vessel density (TVDs), small vessel perfusion ratio (PPVs), perfusion small vessel density (PVDs), and microvascular flow index (MFIs), were significantly improved in the study group. Moreover, the study group observed lower rates of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and 30-day mortality versus the control group.Conclusions:The application of CPFA in SAP patients effectively eliminates inflammatory mediators and enhances microcirculation, leading to improved clinical outcomes and reduced mortality rates.

The software supply chain has become one of the most actively exploited attack surfaces in enterprise technology, and the events of the past four years have transformed what was once a theoretical concern into a documented operational reality. The Software Bill of Materials a structured inventory of every component, library, and dependency that comprises a software artifact has emerged as the foundational mechanism for supply chain risk visibility. Yet generating an SBOM is only the beginning of the challenge. Using it effectively, keeping it accurate, integrating it into active DevOps workflows, and deriving security decisions from it at pipeline speed requires an architectural and organizational investment that most organizations have not yet made. This paper examines how fourteen engineering organizations approached SBOM generation, management, and operationalization across a nineteen-month study period from April 2023 through October 2024. We analyze SBOM completeness rates, pipeline integration depth, vulnerability-to-remediation lead times using SBOM-informed workflows, and the organizational barriers that most consistently limit SBOM program effectiveness. Results demonstrate that organizations with mature SBOM integration reduce known-vulnerability exposure windows by an average of 71% compared to those relying on traditional reactive scanning approaches. We propose a five-stage SBOM maturity model and offer practical guidance for security and DevOps practitioners navigating the transition from SBOM generation to SBOM operationalization.