Geocenter Denmark

Abstract In this paper, a new framework – RoadRAT - for analyzing the probability of inundation, wave runup, and erosion is applied within the context of risk management for coastal roads. The analysis focus on a case study in south Sweden and consists of risk identification, calculation of probability, and discussion of consequences and mitigation methods. The results show that future risks are highly dependent on the future greenhouse gas emissions.

Plastics are deeply embedded in modern life, but their degradation releases micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) into ecosystems. These persistent particles are found everywhere, from oceans to the human body, and raise growing concerns about environmental and human health, biodiversity, and sustainability implications. Despite increasing awareness, effective responses to MNP pollution remain limited by unresolved challenges in scientific monitoring, policymaking, and public engagement. Addressing these challenges, the summer school on "Microplastics: From Environmental Impact to Policy, Innovation, and Public Awareness" held in June 2025 in Geneva, Switzerland, exemplifies an innovative educational model. The program was multi- and interdisciplinary, action-oriented, internationally collaborative, and rooted in local contexts. Focusing on microplastic pollution in aquatic environments, it brought together participants from 15 countries to explore the nexus of science, policy, governance, innovation, and public engagement. This contribution reflects the summer school's design and outcomes, highlighting its promise as a model for advancing next-generation environmental education as well as discussing some of the key challenges.

Cell staining techniques are essential for cell visualization and bioanalysis, providing valuable insights into cellular structure, function, and behavior. Despite their significance, the impact of staining processes, such as dye penetration, adsorption, or hydrogen bonding, on the physical properties of cells remains largely unexplored. Acoustic methods have proven effective in noninvasively probing various cell properties. In this study, we examine how different staining methods affect the acoustic properties of live DU145, MCF-7, Jurkat, and BV2 cell lines by comparing their acoustic impedance with and without staining. Our results show that calcein staining reduces the acoustic impedance of MCF-7 cells by 2.7%, whereas no noticeable changes are observed in other cases. This reduction, unique to MCF-7 cells, is most consistent with a modest increase in cell compressibility, potentially reflecting subtle alterations in membrane or cytoplasmic mechanics during dye and low-percent DMSO exposure.

Hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel direct injection (DI) combustion has emerged as a promising strategy for integrating hydrogen into compression-ignition engines, offering potential benefits in terms of efficiency, emissions reduction, and fuel flexibility. Driven by the potential to decarbonize hard-to-electrify sectors while leveraging existing engine platforms, there is increasing interest in hydrogen utilization in heavy-duty applications. This review examines recent advances in the fundamental understanding of hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel DI combustion under compression-ignition engine relevant conditions. It focuses on key factors influencing ignition, jet interactions, and combustion development, addressing a critical knowledge gap in dual-fuel DI technology with hydrogen, where recent advancements have provided new insights. Studies indicate that injection timing and sequence play a crucial role in determining combustion mode, transitioning between premixed and mixing-controlled regimes depending on hydrogen–diesel interactions. Early hydrogen injection promotes premixed combustion but can induce pressure oscillations, whereas later injection favors a mixing-controlled mode with lower peak heat release. Jet–jet interactions further complicate combustion, with converging injection configurations facilitating flame propagation but extending ignition delay due to increased preignition mixing. Experimental investigations have shown that injection duration influences jet momentum balance, affecting the entrainment of pilot combustion products into the hydrogen jet and, consequently, flame stabilization and heat release characteristics. Ambient conditions also have a significant effect on dual-fuel combustion. Lower ambient temperatures extend the ignition delay and fuel–air mixing time before ignition, leading to higher peak heat release rates. Reduced oxygen concentrations shift flame stabilization downstream and increase lift-off distance variability. Forced laser-induced ignition studies, supported by simplified numerical analysis, suggest that edge-flame deflagration mechanisms explain flame recession and stabilization under low-oxygen and low-temperature conditions. Injection parameters, including the pressure and nozzle diameter, also influence hydrogen jet development. Higher injection pressure enhances jet penetration and mixing but may extend the diffusion flame length, increasing heat transfer losses. Similarly, larger nozzle diameters increase the mass flow rate and heat release but also increase the hydrogen flame length. Overall, hydrogen–diesel dual-fuel DI combustion presents a viable pathway toward cleaner and more efficient engine operation. However, further research is required to optimize combustion processes and fully realize its potential.

Abstract The characteristic cardinal spines of Isoxys, a cosmopolitan bivalved arthropod, have been focal to understanding its role in Cambrian ecosystems. It has been proposed that the spines had either a hydrodynamic function, to aid buoyancy, or a defensive function, to protect against predators. Here, we demonstrate that the unusually elongated cardinal spines in Isoxys volucris (by far the most abundant taxon in the lower Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, North Greenland) had a primary defensive function. Spine measurements of 85 specimens show a negative allometry during ontogeny, with the ratio of cardinal spine length to carapace length decreasing from >3.2 to 0.9. Negative allometric growth is inconsistent with a hydrodynamic function since larger carapaces would require spines which are proportionally at least as long (isometry or positive allometry). Instead, the negative allometry provides evidence for a defensive adaptation comparable to that seen in modern lower‐trophic organisms, in which elongated spines increase the overall size of juveniles to deter predators. Isoxys volucris was the dominant food source for higher‐trophic benthic and pelagic predators in the Sirius Passet biota, as revealed by the gut contents of arthropods, lobopods, palaeoscolecids and stem‐chaetognaths. Its long spines therefore indicate similar adaptive responses to extremely high predation pressures in both modern and early Cambrian ecosystems.