Geological Society of London

The CB chondrites are a metal-rich group of carbonaceous chondrites that likely formed in an impact-melt vapour plume resulting from a collision between two planetesimals. Many samples, such as the CBa type meteorite Gujba, show evidence of secondary impact processes that occurred after formation, such as silicate-dominated impact melt veins. We investigated the texture, crystallographic microstructure, and chemical composition of Fe,Ni metal particles in Gujba to distinguish primary features from those caused by secondary impact melting. We developed a qualitative classification relating the morphology of primary metal particles in Gujba to the extent that they were deformed by secondary impact melt. Electron backscatter diffraction analyses showed that less deformed Fe,Ni metal particles preserve a prior crystallographic structure, partially overprinted by recrystallisation textures. Fe,Ni metal inside melt veins has been melted and recrystallised. Unmelted metal particles retain similar compositions to each other, but metal entrained in impact melt, and melted Fe,Ni metal differ slightly. Conditions on the CB parent body after secondary impact resulted in no significant equilibration between particles with primary compositions, likely as the effects of impact heating were relatively rapid. Metal-melt particles in larger systems from other planetary bodies may show more evidence of modification during impact melting.

BackgroundOlder persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) have more age-related comorbidities than the general population of PLHIV and greater potential for polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions with antiretroviral treatment (ART). Data comparing the real-world effectiveness of the two-drug dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) and three-drug bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) is limited in older PLHIV.MethodsTo assess the real-world effectiveness of switching to DTG/3TC versus BIC/FTC/TAF in older PLHIV, we conducted a retrospective chart review among people aged ≥50 years on ART who were virologically suppressed with ≥24 weeks of follow-up across 7 countries. Index date was defined as DTG/3TC or BIC/FTC/TAF initiation date.ResultsAmong 1144 PLHIV (326 United States, 221 China, 189 Spain, 140 Germany, 113 France, 100 Korea, 55 Taiwan), 593 were on DTG/3TC and 551 were on BIC/FTC/TAF. Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar between groups at index date (Table 1). Among PLHIV on DTG/3TC and BIC/FTC/TAF, 24.6% and 18.7%, were >65 years and 74.5% and 69.7% reported a non-ART comedication, respectively. Prior virological failure was reported in 6.2% of DTG/3TC and 7.7% of PLHIV on BIC/FTC/TAF. Total follow-up was 1463.3 and 1481.9 person-years among DTG/3TC and BIC/FTC/TAF groups, respectively. Approximately 25% of PLHIV had 240 weeks of follow-up. Virological failure was reported for 1 person in each group. The incidence rate of virological failure was 0.07 (95% confidence interval: 0.00-0.14) per 100 person-years for both groups. No resistance was reported.ConclusionIn older, virologically suppressed PLHIV with age-related comorbidities and comedications, switching to either two-drug DTG/3TC or three-drug BIC/FTC/TAF maintained long-term viral suppression without resistance.DisclosuresJeremy Fraysse, MS, GSK: Stocks/Bonds (Public Company)|ViiV Healthcare: Stocks/Bonds (Private Company) Jennifer Kuretski, DNP, APRN, NP-C, AAHIVS, Gilead Sciences: Speaker|ViiV: Speaker Emilio Letang, MD, MPH, PhD, GSK: Stocks/Bonds (Public Company)|ViiV Healthcare: Employee Maria Jesus Perez Elías, MD, PhD, Gilead: Advisor/Consultant|Gilead: Grant/Research Support|Gilead: Honoraria|Janssen Cilag: Advisor/Consultant|Janssen Cilag: Grant/Research Support|Janssen Cilag: Honoraria|ViiV healthcare: Advisor/Consultant|ViiV healthcare: Grant/Research Support|ViiV healthcare: Honoraria Gustavo Verdier, BSc, BPharm, MBA, ViiV Healthcare: Employee Eva Fernvik, PhD, GSK: Stocks/Bonds (Public Company)|ViiV Healthcare: Stocks/Bonds (Private Company) Richard Grove, BSc, MSc, GSK: Stocks/Bonds (Public Company) Cynthia Firnhaber, MD, MS, DTM&H, MERCK: Advisor/Consultant|MERCK: Grant/Research Support Axel Baumgarten, MD, Abbvie: Board Member|Astra Zeneca: Board Member|Gilead: Advisor/Consultant|Gilead: Board Member|Gilead: Honoraria|GSK/ViiV Healthcare: Board Member|Janssen: Board Member|MSD: Board Member|Pfizer: Board Member Bryn Jones, MBChB, GSK: Stocks/Bonds (Public Company)|ViiV Healthcare: Employee Julie Priest, MSPH, GSK: Stocks/Bonds (Public Company)|ViiV Healthcare: Employee

Abstract Background Management of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) is increasingly difficult due to rising antimicrobial resistance. There is an unmet need for oral treatment options for antimicrobial-resistant cUTIs. Tebipenem pivoxil hydrobromide (TBP-PI-HBr) is an investigational oral carbapenem with activity against antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase–positive (ESBL+) pathogens. Methods PIVOT-PO (NCT06059846) was a global, randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority (10% margin) Phase 3 study comparing the efficacy and safety of oral TBP-PI-HBr with intravenous (IV) imipenem-cilastatin (IMI-CIL) in hospitalized adult patients with cUTI or acute pyelonephritis (AP) (Figure 1). The primary endpoint of overall response (clinical cure plus microbiological eradication) at test-of-cure (TOC) was assessed in the microbiological intent-to-treat (micro-ITT) population. An interim analysis to assess efficacy and futility was reviewed by an Independent Data Monitoring Committee and the study was stopped for efficacy. Results Baseline characteristics were balanced between treatment groups (Table 1). Overall response at TOC was 58.5% in 261/446 participants who received TBP-PI-HBr versus 60.2% in 291/483 participants who received IMI-CIL (adjusted treatment difference: −1.3%; 95% CI: −7.5%, 4.8%). Treatment effects were comparable in participants with ESBL+ Enterobacterales (Table 2). The safety profile of TBP-PI-HBr was overall consistent with IMI-CIL; the two most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events were diarrhea and headache (Table 3). Conclusion Oral TBP-PI-HBr was non-inferior to IV IMI-CIL in the treatment of cUTI or AP and showed comparable efficacy in participants with ESBL+ Enterobacterales. No new safety signals were identified. TBP-PI-HBr may provide an effective oral treatment option for cUTI or AP. Funding: PIVOT-PO was funded by Spero Therapeutics, Inc. The development of TBP-PI-HBr is supported in part with federal funds from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), under contract number HHSO100201800015C. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Recent advancements in large vision-language models (LVLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks, garnering significant attention in AI communities. However, their performance and reliability in specialized domains such as medicine remain insufficiently assessed. In particular, most assessments overconcentrate on evaluating VLMs based on simple visual question answering (VQA) on multimodality data while ignoring the in-depth characteristics of LVLMs. In this study, we introduce RadVUQA, a novel radiological visual understanding and question answering benchmark, to comprehensively evaluate existing LVLMs. RadVUQA mainly validates LVLMs across five dimensions: 1) anatomical understanding, assessing the models' ability to visually identify biological structures; 2) multimodal comprehension, which involves the capability of interpreting linguistic and visual instructions to produce desired outcomes; 3) quantitative and spatial reasoning, evaluating the models' spatial awareness and proficiency in combining quantitative analysis with visual and linguistic information; 4) physiological knowledge, measuring the models' capability to comprehend functions and mechanisms of organs and systems; and 5) robustness, which assesses the models' capabilities against unharmonized and synthetic data. The results indicate that both generalized LVLMs and medical-specific LVLMs have critical deficiencies with weak multimodal comprehension and quantitative reasoning capabilities. Our findings reveal the large gap between existing LVLMs and clinicians, highlighting the urgent need for more robust and intelligent LVLMs. The code is available at https://github.com/Nandayang/RadVUQA.

L’articolo torna a riflettere sul rapporto tra Calvino e Ariosto, su cui molto è stato scritto. Qui non si guarda però ai prestiti dall’Orlando furioso e alle immagini, situazioni e atmosfere identificabili come ariostesche nell’opera di Calvino; invece, partendo dalla constatazione che Calvino non usa l’ironia come Ariosto, ma si spinge ben oltre, nei territori della parodia, del surreale, del grottesco e dell’assurdo, si ipotizza che le sue fonti siano anche altre. L’analisi prende in considerazione Il visconte dimezzato e Il cavaliere inesistente parallelamente al Corriere dei Piccoli e al Bertoldo , due periodici che Calvino leggeva appassionatamente da bambino e da ragazzo e di cui lui stesso ha sottolineato l’importanza. Integrando fonti visuali e scritte, è possibile individuare una serie di meccanismi che dalle pagine del Corrierino e del Bertoldo si ritrovano chiaramente nella scrittura di Calvino. È così possibile dimostrare che il rapporto di Calvino con Ariosto è stato mediato da altre fonti, e che la loro influenza è stata determinante ben prima che Calvino la riconoscesse a partire dagli anni Sessanta.

PurposeMany African countries grapple with school dropout, partly due to weak mechanisms for retaining children in schools, inadequate investment in education or concerns about the relevance of education to the current and future needs of children and their countries. Education Management Information Systems (EMIS) are expected to inform planning and decision-making processes for education service delivery to alleviate such problems. Yet the role and relevance of EMIS remain contested even in the best of circumstances. This paper explores the relationship among dropout, drop-in and EMIS in Eritrea, noting challenges confronting EMIS and arguing for increased focus on drop-in in EMIS.Design/methodology/approachThe overarching methodology was influenced by interpretivism and constructionism. This research explored the following questions: What is the status of risk of dropout among Middle school students in Eritrea? What else can the Eritrean EMIS identify and measure? The first author conducted a descriptive analysis of existing quantitative EMIS data and interview data with students, teachers and government officials.FindingsThe key finding was the significant risk of dropout among middle school students in Eritrea. Secondly, whereas EMIS documented dropout rates annually, the system was not adept at identifying, documenting and analysing risks among students who drop in. There were tensions among diverse stakeholders about EMIS ownership, validity and reliability of the data and its management.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was limited by inability to access raw EMIS data from the Ministry or from schools.Practical implicationsNonetheless, the research highlighted the dilemma of using existing EMIS data for reporting on dropout and drop-in and recommended updating Eritrea’s outdated EMIS tools that were developed in 1993.Originality/valueRelatively little research has focused on Eritrea’s education system. Although EMIS is widely considered a standard tool, this research found it problematic regarding its influence to improve educational access.

This study investigates variations in school‐to‐work transitions (SWTs) by socio‐economic status (SES), gender, and socio‐cultural context. Leveraging data from three nationally representative longitudinal panel studies, we compare the experiences of young people coming of age in the 21st century (2011 to 2023) in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Australia. We examine the role of different support systems that scaffold the SWT process along various post‐secondary pathways, including university, further education/vocational training, and employment tracks, with a particular focus on variations by parental education and gender. Utilizing longitudinal data from the Understanding Society Panel in the UK (<span class="fontstyle0"><em>N</em> = </span><span class="fontstyle0">15,692 observations), the German Socio‐Economic Panel (GSOEP; <em>N</em> = </span><span class="fontstyle0">5,464), and the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey (</span><span class="fontstyle2"><span class="fontstyle0"><em>N</em> = </span> </span><span class="fontstyle0">5,759), we track synthetic cohorts born between 1993 and 1995 from ages 18 to 27 in the three countries. We employ linear probability models to conduct a cross‐national comparative analysis, identifying variations in post‐secondary pathways across the three country contexts. The choice of countries is motivated by their shared status as developed economies with distinct features in their SWT systems—contrasting the neoliberal deregulatory frameworks of Britain and Australia with Germany’s employment‐focused dual system. The findings reveal significant effects of parental education on post‐secondary transitions, as well as the differing roles of gender across various educational policy contexts. These results underscore the complexity of SWT when considered in different national settings. The insights generated by this analysis highlight the importance of dedicated policies to support low‐SES youth and promote gender equality in education and employment outcomes.</span>