Greenwich Hospital

This paper discusses a multimodal AI system applied to legal reasoning for tax law. The results given here are very general and apply to systems developed for other areas besides tax law. A central goal of this work is to gain a better understanding of the relationships between LLMs (Large Language Models) and automated theorem-proving methodologies. To do this, we suppose (1) two cases for the theorem-proving system: one where it has a countable number of total meanings for its countable number of atoms and the other is where it has an uncountable number of total meanings for its countable number of atoms, and (2) LLMs can have an uncountable number of token meanings. With this in mind, the results given in this paper use the downward and upward Löwenheim–Skolem theorems and logical model theory to contrast these two AI modalities. One modality focuses on syntactic proofs and the other focuses on logical semantics based on LLMs. Particularly, one modality uses a rule-based first-order logic theorem-proving system to perform legal reasoning. The objective of this theorem-proving system is to provide proofs as evidence of valid legal reasoning when enacted laws are applied to particular situations. These proofs are syntactic structures that can be presented in the form of narrative explanations of how the answer to the legal question was determined. The second modality uses LLMs to analyze and transform a user’s tax query so this query can be sent to a first-order logic theorem-proving system to perform its legal reasoning function. The main goal of our application of LLMs is to enhance and simplify user input and output for the theorem-proving system. Using logical model theory, we show how there can exist an equivalence between laws represented in logic of the theorem-proving system, fixed in time when the theorem-proving system was set up, and new semantics given by LLMs. These results are based on logical model theory and Löwenheim–Skolem theorems.

Adductor laryngeal dystonia (AdLD) is a neurological disorder characterized by spasms of the laryngeal muscles during speech, resulting in acoustic discontinuities. High-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) has been used to capture supraglottic compression and visual obstructions of the vocal folds during sustained phonation in speakers with AdLD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the co-occurrence of these laryngeal postures via HSV and acoustic discontinuities in speakers with and without AdLD during connected speech. Speakers with (n = 16) and without (n = 16) AdLD read sentences while undergoing trans nasal laryngoscopy. Microphone and HSV signals were simultaneously recorded. Acoustic discontinuities and laryngeal postures via HSV were independently manually labeled. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between the presence of acoustic discontinuities-labeled as phonatory break, creak, or frequency shift-and that of view of vocal fold obstruction and supraglottic compression. Additional fixed factors included in the regression model were group (AdLD, control), sex, and the interactions of group × obstruction and group × supraglottic compression. Factors that were significantly associated with the odds of an acoustic discontinuity included group, vocal fold obstruction, supraglottic compression, and the interaction of group × vocal fold obstruction. There was not a significant interaction effect of group on supraglottic compression events. These findings suggest that acoustic discontinuities co-occur with supraglottic compression and vocal fold obstructions. Understanding this relationship may lead to more effective voice assessment methods for individuals with AdLD.

ABSTRACT Stories unfold across a varied landscape of mediums, including video games, tabletop games, interactive films, and traditional literary texts. As that landscape continues to diversify, educators and scholars face growing challenges conceptualizing reading in a way that captures the multifaceted, consequential ways that readers interact with and shape those stories. Building on New Literacy Studies, scholarship from games studies, and reader response theory, this theoretical article proposes a cross‐disciplinary model for understanding narrative interactivity in contemporary reading experiences: The Reader–Player Interactivity Framework. The authors analyze seven layers of narrative interactivity: embodied interaction, navigating and wayfinding, transactional meaning‐making, two forms of reader authorship, co‐constructing stories, and socially embedded meaning‐making. These categories provide a language for analyzing how readers, viewers, and players co‐construct stories in both fixed and variable narrative texts. The framework illuminates how meaning arises not only in explicitly interactive media, but across all forms of narrative, and provides literacy teachers and researchers with theoretical tools and explicit language for navigating varied types of texts and interactions. The article concludes by outlining implications for research and pedagogy in literacy education.

In the original article published: Kalayjian T, McNally BJ, Calkins MW, et al. The SMHP™ position statement on therapeutic carbohydrate reduction for type 1 diabetes. J. metab. health. 2024;7(1), a100. https://doi.org/10.4102/jmh.v7i1.100, an author’s name was incorrectly spelt. Instead of: Mirian Kalamian It should be: Miriam Kalamian The authors apologise for this error. The correction does not change the study’s findings, its significance or overall interpretation of the study’s results or the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.

We report a case of Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy (HIBM) that highlights the difficulties of diagnosing rare myopathies.

This paper examines the concept of jugaad, which embodies a cultural approach to innovation in the face of resource scarcity, originating as a byproduct of such scarcity in the Indian subcontinent centuries ago. Specifically, this paper examines the uniquely untranslatable nature of the word, highlighting linguistic and cultural nuances that cause both traditional Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) approaches and more novel Natural Language Processing (NLP) approaches to fail to capture the true essence of the concept. In addition, this paper explores the ethical implications of how cultural concepts fit into the future of large models. This research not only sheds light on the complex interplay between language, culture, and innovation but also highlights the limitations of current computational linguistics models in capturing the essence of culturally entrenched concepts.

Dielectric relaxation has been measured in HfO<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>/Al<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf>O<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> MIM capacitors. The dielectric relaxation current exhibits a weak temperature dependence, with activation energies ranging from ~ 0.067 eV (20 msec after voltage pulse) to ~0.15 eV (2 sec after voltage pulse). It is proposed that the initial dielectric relaxation is from electron emission from shallow traps, whereas the later dielectric relaxation is from emission from deep traps.

The World Health Organization defines long COVID as "the continuation or development of new symptoms 3 months after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, with these symptoms lasting for at least 2 months with no other explanation." Estimations of approximately 50 million individuals suffer from long COVID, reporting low health-related quality of life. Patients develop ongoing persistent symptoms that continue for more than 12 weeks that are not explained by another alternative diagnosis. To date, no current therapeutics are effective in treating the underlying pathophysiology of long COVID. A comprehensive literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted and all available articles from November 2021 to January 2024 containing keywords long covid and hyperbaric oxygen were reviewed. These published studies, including case series and randomized trials, demonstrate that utilizing Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO) provided significant improvement in patients with long COVID. A large cohort of patients suffer from long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome after recovery from their acute infection with no effective treatment options. HBO is a safe treatment and may provide benefit for this population and should continue to be researched for adjunctive treatment of long COVID.

A surgical team works in a high-performance environment and is exposed to stress. Mindfulness practice is evidenced to reduce symptoms of stress, as well as burnout, which is high amongst health workers. The operating theatre is unique, with many job-roles, needs and time-critical tasks. It is plausible that group mindfulness may benefit the surgical team. This evaluates the take-5 theatre brief, consisting of a 'check-in' and short breathwork, when used by two surgical teams as part of the regular theatre team brief. The take-5 theatre brief was evaluated using domains of acceptability and implementation. Data were collected at two district general hospitals in the United Kingdom using5-point Likert scales hosted on electronic surveys Thematic analysis was performed of participant voice notes, strategic meeting notes and transcripts of interviews between key informants. There were 17 participants. Ten were from site A (59%), with the remainder being from site B (41%) and covered a range of roles within the theatre team. Participants found the take-5 theatre brief helpful (median Likert 5) and felt that it would benefit themselves (median Likert 5) as well as the team (median Likert 5) and that it fitted into the day easily (median Likert 4). There was a high demand, no financial investment was required and overall it was easy to implement; however, it became challenged in theatre lists that were late to start. The take-5 theatre brief is an acceptable initiative for these two operating theatre teams.