Grove City College

A Digital Twin (DT) for Electric Vehicles (EVs) is a virtual replica or digital model of a physical EV that captures its characteristics, performance, and real-time behavior. This study presents the development of a comprehensive DT model for EVs, designed to enable real-time monitoring, performance optimization, and predictive maintenance. The suggested framework features physical modeling and data-driven analytics to replicate the dynamic behavior of the EV powertrain, with particular emphasis on the battery, motor, and thermal subsystems. Using real driving cycle data (FTP-75), the DT continuously assesses key performance indicators (KPIs) such as battery state of charge (SoC), state of health (SoH), temperature, and motor torque to indicate real-world operating conditions. A degradation-aware battery model and simplified thermal dynamics are integrated to estimate remaining useful life (RUL) and enhance reliability. DT's predictive capability enables early fault detection and adaptive control strategies, minimizing downtime and advancing energy efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate the model's ability to accurately track SoC and thermal responses with minimal estimation error, validating its capability for integration in intelligent EV management systems. This innovative approach aims to improve the overall efficiency and reliability of EVs, thereby supporting a more sustainable transportation ecosystem.

Very-low-carbohydrate diets (LCHF; <50 g/day) have been debated for their potential to lower pre-exercise muscle and liver glycogen stores and metabolic efficiency, risking premature fatigue. It is also hypothesized that carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise delays fatigue by increasing carbohydrate oxidation, thereby sparing muscle glycogen. Leveraging a randomized crossover design, we evaluated performance during strenuous time-to-exhaustion (70% V̇o2max) tests in trained triathletes following 6-wk high-carbohydrate (HCLF, 380 g/day) or very-low-carbohydrate (LCHF, 40 g/day) diets to determine 1) if adoption of the LCHF diet impairs time-to-exhaustion performance, 2) whether carbohydrate ingestion (10 g/h) 6-12× lower than current CHO fueling recommendations during low glycogen availability (>15-h pre-exercise overnight fast and/or LCHF diet) improves time to exhaustion by preventing exercise-induced hypoglycemia (EIH; <3.9 mmol/L; <70 mg/dL), and 3) the "keto-adaptation" time course through continuous substrate monitoring while caloric intake, physical activity, and fat-free mass are maintained. Time-to-exhaustion performance was similar across both dietary interventions. Minimal carbohydrate supplementation prevented EIH and significantly increased time to exhaustion equivalently in LCHF and HCLF interventions (22%). The LCHF diet significantly lowered 24-h glucose concentrations, which normalized after 4 wk, at the same timepoint peak blood ketone (R-β-hydroxybutyrate) concentrations normalized. These findings 1) demonstrate that an LCHF diet sustains strenuous endurance performance, 2) establish that minimal carbohydrate supplementation was sufficient to enhance exercise performance on LCHF and HCLF diets by mitigating EIH, and 3) indicate that a minimum 4-wk adaptation period to an LCHF diet is required to ensure normalization of metabolic homeostasis, glycemic control, and exercise performance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study examines the belief that very-low-carbohydrate diets (LCHF) impair prolonged exercise performance during strenuous exercise by comparing it with high-carbohydrate diets in competitive triathletes. After 6-wk diet adaptation, time-to-exhaustion (TTE) performance was similar across both diets. Minimal carbohydrate supplementation (10 g/h) during exercise eliminated exercise-induced hypoglycemia and improved TTE by 22% on both diets. These findings suggest that LCHF diets do not impair exercise performance and require a 4-wk adaptation period for metabolic homeostasis.

Mendola, Nicole M.S., ACSM-CEP, ACSM-EP, ACSM-GEI, EIM; Cannon, David M.A., ACSM-CEP, NSCA-CSCS, CCI-CCT; Gallo, Paul M. Ed.D., FACSM, ACSM-EP, ACSM-CEP, ACSM-GEI Author Information

The use of teamwork in courses has many benefits for students beyond simply the development of collaboration skills. When compared to individual learning alone, teamwork can support deeper understanding of the material, a more interactive class environment, and improved knowledge retention. Therefore, the senior-level design course Coastal Engineering was modified in 2022 with the addition of teamwork elements in two course components: homework assignments and in-class quizzes. The homework assignments were completed in small groups, with teams submitting a joint homework solution. The objective of assigning homework to groups rather than individuals was to have students work together and discuss the problems and course concepts. To discourage "divide and conquer" approaches and hold students accountable for understanding the full homework assignment, students were required to participate in one-on-one homework chats with an instructor. During the chats, students were asked to briefly explain the concepts behind an instructor-selected part of the homework assignment. Teamwork was also added to in-class quizzes, focused on conceptual type questions. The in-class quizzes were closedbook and closed-note, but "open-classmate," meaning the students were free to interact with other students in the class in any manner they chose prior to submitting their own quiz solution.

Sneakers, once primarily utilitarian footwear, have evolved into cultural icons and fashion statements. This paper examines the multifaceted factors that contribute to the popularity of sneakers, encompassing elements of fashion, sports, celebrity influence, marketing strategies, and technological advancements. By analysing consumer behaviour, market trends, and case studies of successful sneaker releases, this research aims to provide insights into the dynamic landscape of sneaker culture and its influence on contemporary fashion and consumer preferences. Additionally, it investigates the role of social media, brand collaborations, limited editions, and resale markets in shaping the popularity of sneakers among diverse demographics. Through a comprehensive exploration of these factors, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate dynamics driving the enduring appeal of sneakers in today's global market.

Despite decades of research in adeno-associated virus (AAV) and the role of adenovirus in production, the interplay of AAV and adenovirus is not fully understood. Specific regions of the adenoviral genome containing E1, E2a, E4 open reading frame (ORF), and VA RNA have been demonstrated as necessary for AAV production; however, incorporating these regions into either a producer cell line or subcloning into an Ad helper plasmid may lead to inclusion of neighboring adenoviral sequence or ORFs with unknown function. Because AAV is frequently used in gene therapies, removing excessive adenovirus sequences improves the Ad helper plasmid size and manufacturability, and may lead to safer vectors for patients. Furthermore, deepening our understanding of the helper virus genes required for recombinant AAV (rAAV) production has the potential to increase yields and manufacturability of rAAV for clinical and commercial applications. One region continuously included in various Ad helper plasmid iterations is the adenoviral E2a promoter region that appears to be necessary for E2a expression. Due to the compact nature of viral genomes, the E2a promoter region overlaps with the Hexon Assembly/100K protein and the L4 region. The L4 region, which contains the coding sequences for 22K and 33K proteins, had not been thought to be necessary for AAV production. Through molecular techniques, this study demonstrates that the adenoviral 22K protein is essential for rAAV production in HEK293 cells by triple transfection and that the 33K protein synergistically increases rAAV yield.

Abstract Paul’s exhortation in 1 Cor 11:2–16, discussing (among other topics) the reason and purpose for a woman to cover her head, has proven to be a perennially difficult passage for exegetes. Cynthia Long Westfall has recently offered an intriguing interpretation, asserting that some modern, Western readings of the passage, which view Paul’s directives as reinforcing oppressive restrictions on women, fail to account for the way the veil acted to protect certain vulnerable women from potential exploitation. Westfall asserts that many women of the Greco-Roman world, especially of the lower strata, would have seen veiling as a desirable symbol of dignity, though socially and legally unavailable to them as members of repressed social groups. In this study, the authors test Westfall’s dual assertion that (1) veiling practices varied significantly depending on one’s social strata and that (2) authorities legally enforced veiling restrictions on certain groups. Ultimately, although the article supports aspects of Westfall’s argument, the authors find no evidence to uphold the assertion that veiling was off-limits for any female group in the Greco-Roman world. Rather, an array of sociocultural factors—including religious expectations, societal norms, and practical realities—appears primarily to have influenced a woman’s choice to veil.