Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

Traditional methods in animal anatomy teaching, such as theoretical lectures, cadaver dissections, and prosected specimens, have long dominated the veterinary curricula [...].

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious disease caused primarily by infection with M. bovis, which belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. There are different diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, among which, determination of biomarkers plays a significant role. However, the biomarkers for the diagnosis of bTB in naturally infected cattle are limited. In the present study, the gene expression profile of host immune-related genes (MCP-1, MMP-9, CCR5, iNOS, IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-23A) was studied. The aim of the study was to evaluate this set of immune-related genes for their potential use as diagnostic biomarkers of bTB infection in cattle. A total of 40 HF cross-breed cattle were grouped into two groups uninfected, and bTB infected, on the basis of results obtained by CITT, IS6100 PCR. The PBMCs from both groups were cultured and stimulated in vitro with bovine tuberculin PPD. In the results, the mRNAs (MCP-1, MMP-9, CCR5, iNOS, IFNγ, TNFα and IL-23A) were upregulated in bTB-positive animals relative to negative controls. The transcripts can discriminate between bTB-positives and uninfected controls, with AUC ranging from 0.8 to 1. The targeted genes showed promising results and further studies are needed to explore the potential of these highly expressed transcripts as the potential biomarker of bTB in naturally infected cattle.

• Minced Sizes Evaluated : The study examined the effects of three minced particle sizes (4 mm, 6 mm, and 11 mm) on chicken breast minced meat quality. • Meat Conditions : Two conditions were analyzed fresh and frozen-thawed (stored at -18°C). • Colour Analysis : Significant differences (p<0.05) in colour values (a* - redness, b* - yellowness, L* - lightness) between fresh and defrosted meat. • Fresh minced meat had a higher L* value (59.34 ± 0.342) compared to frozen-thawed samples. • L* and b* values also varied significantly across different minced sizes and conditions. • Texture Analysis : Significant differences (p<0.05) in textural properties, except for gumminess and chewiness, between fresh and defrosted meat. • Defrosted samples exhibited higher hardness and springiness. • Fresh samples showed greater cohesiveness and resilience. • Interaction Effects : An interaction was observed between minced sizes and meat conditions, influencing both colour and texture properties. The present study evaluated the effect of different mince particle sizes on the quality of fresh and defrosted/frozen-thawed chicken breast meat. Broiler chicken breast meat was obtained and minced into 4 mm, 6 mm, and 11 mm particle sizes using a mechanical mincer. The minced meat was pooled according to its particle size and divided into two groups: (1) one group was analysed fresh, while the other (2) was frozen at -18 °C and thawed before subsequent analysis. The findings of the study indicated significant differences (p<0.05) in the colour values for a * (redness), b * (yellowness), and L * (lightness) between fresh and frozen-thawed meat. Additionally, L * and b * values varied significantly (p<0.05) depending on the minced particle sizes and the condition of the meat. Fresh minced samples had a higher L * value (59.34 ± 0.342) than frozen-thawed minced samples. The difference could be due to light reflection on the meat surface, which is affected by changes in protein structure and their ability to retain water. The results also indicated a significant difference in textural profile analysis indices between the meat conditions, except for chewiness, which revealed no significant differences (p>0.05) between fresh and frozen-thawed samples. Springiness value was higher in frozen-thawed samples (0.37 - 0.54 of fresh meat vs 0.45 – 0.69 in frozen-thawed meat) while cohesiveness was higher in fresh meat (0.39 – 0.35 in fresh meat vs 0.37 – 0.33 in frozen-thawed meat). Furthermore, the findings indicated an interaction between different minced particle sizes and meat conditions with respect to drip loss, cooking loss, pH, L *, b *, and texture profile analysis (TPA) indices. The findings of this study provide an understanding of product variability so the meat industry can optimise its approach in handling and processing minced chicken breast meat to ensure better products and improve consumer satisfaction.

With the new terrain of digital project governance, adding intelligent decision-making from proactive cybersecurity has become a necessity. The presented study introduces a derivation of a new Edge-Cloud Collaborative System as EC-P2M, which can be used to improve Project Portfolio Management (PPM) by using analytics and real-time threat identification with AI. The system is underpinned with a local monitoring of the project-execution metrics based on edge computing and global optimization and coordination based on cloud infrastructure. Light-weight neural models implemented on the edge predict the presence of an anomalous performance in order to trigger the subsequent orchestration actions. The orchestrator, located on the cloud, uses Multi-Criteria Reinforcement Learning to dynamically re-prioritize the projects based on the resource and risk constraints. At the same time, an Adaptive Threat Shield on the base of Graph Neural Network (GNN) maintains consistent monitoring of cyberspace within the infrastructure and implements Zero Trust measures by identifying anomalous behaviour. Roles of federated learning provide the privacy of data, and blockchain-supported logs offer indelible audit records. Such an architecture enables data integrity, scalability and resilience in distributed environments. As shown by experimental simulations, there is a better sense of project orientation with regards to strategic objectives, a short response to appearing threats, and better resources usage. The EC-P2M system takes the bar of smart, secure, and flexible project portfolio management to a different level, and it helps overcome the twofold challenge of business efficiency and cyber resilience of AI-enabled enterprise systems. The suggested Edge-Cloud Collaborative approach attained an overall accuracy of 94.1%, surpassing Heuristic Rule-Based Scheduling <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{ (8 2. 3 \%) }$</tex>, Static Cloud-Centric Orchestration (<tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$\mathbf{8 5. 6 \%}$</tex>), Deep QLearning Scheduler (89.7%), Federated Learning with Reinforcement Learning <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(91.2 \%)$</tex>, and Edge-Only Secure Task Engine (88.5%).

The present study was aimed to compare normal echocardiographic data in upto 15 days’ old cow and buffalo calves. The study included 26 healthy calves; 12 buffalo and 14 cow calves. The calves were clinically examined and auscultated for healthiness of chest and heart. Most of the calves included were females {64.28% (n=9) cow and 91.67% (n=11) buffalo calves}. Most of the buffalo calves were cross bred of Murrah, while the cow calves included Sahiwal (n=3), Rathi (n=1) and crossbreds of Holstein Friesian (n=9) and Jersey (n=1). The average body weight of buffalo calves (28.25 ± 6.59Kg) was non-significantly higher than the cow calves (25.57 ± 1.9Kg). The echocardiography was done from right side in both long and short axis. The various parameters recorded in right parasternal short axis view were; Interventricular septum thickness in systole and diastole, Left ventricular internal diameter in systole and diastole, Left ventricular posterior wall thickness in systole and diastole, Right ventricular internal diameter in diastole, End Point Septal Separation and Right atrial diastole diameter. The calculated parameters from short axis view included the fractional shortening and ejection fraction. The parameters recorded in right parasternal long axis view included; left atrium and aorta diameter in diastole and its ratio, the blood flow velocity at the aorta and mitral valve. A significantly higher left and right atrial diameter in diastole was recorded in buffalo calves in comparison to cow calves. However, the inter-ventricular wall thickness in diastole and the left ventricular posterior wall thickness in systole were significantly lower in buffalo calves in comparison to cow calves. The average left atrium to aorta ratio in diastole was 1.3 in both the species. The study concludes that a data base for echocardiographic morphometry was generated for upto 15 days old healthy bovine calves, which in future might help in the diagnosis of congenital heart defects in bovine calves. The study revealed statistically significant differences in the echocardiographic morphometry of cow and buffalo calves. The interventricular septum in diastole was observed to be thicker in cow calves, while the left ventricle posterior wall thickness in systole was greater in buffalo calves. Additionally, the diameters of the right and left ventricles and atrium were higher in buffalo calves compared to cow calves.

<title>Abstract</title> Reproductive inadequacy in buffaloes remains a major constraint to the efficacy of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), particularly in vitro embryo production (IVEP). This study investigated the effects of 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cisRA) during in vitro maturation (IVM) and cytokines (CSF2 and IL6) during in vitro culture (IVC) on enhancing the developmental competence of ovum pick-up (OPU) derived buffalo oocytes. In Experiment 1, oocytes were subjected to IVM supplemented with or without 9-cisRA. In Experiment 2, presumptive zygotes were cultured with CSF2, IL6, or their combination. Oocyte developmental competence was comprehensively evaluated based on cumulus cell expansion, cleavage rate, blastocyst yield, embryo quality grade, and developmental stage distribution. Data from Experiment 1 were analyzed using an independent <italic>t</italic> -test, while Experiment 2 data were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. The results demonstrated that 9-cisRA supplementation during IVM significantly enhanced ( <italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) cumulus expansion (84.6% vs. 61.0%), cleavage rate (65.7% vs. 52.1%), blastocyst yield (31.4% vs. 19.1%), and the proportion of excellent/good quality embryos (54.4% vs. 30.0%). Furthermore, 9-cisRA-treated groups yielded a higher proportion of advanced-stage blastocysts, including expanded (54.5%) and hatched (27.3%) blastocysts. In contrast, cytokine supplementation yielded only modest and non-significant improvements across all measured parameters. These findings identify 9-cisRA supplementation during IVM as a highly effective strategy to improve buffalo IVEP outcomes, while the application of CSF2 and IL6 during embryo culture requires further dose and timing optimization to ascertain their potential benefits.