Guru Nanak Dev University

This study aspires to analyze a wave energy converter (WEC) through its hydrodynamic efficiency featuring a stationary submerged thin vertical plate (STVP) situated at free surface level (z = 0 m). The investigation incorporates arrangements with both flat and uneven seabed profiles, and also various wave steepness conditions. To perform the computational work, a numerical wave tank (NWT) is developed utilizing the ANSYS Fluent 2024 R2 software, and the fluid interface tracking is done employing the volume of fluid (VOF) approach. Stokes waves of second-order are produced at NWT entrance using the inflow velocity approach, and the wave reflection is minimized at the end by using numerical damping. The effect of four distinct relative opening (α) and wave height (H), with uneven bottom, is evaluated and subsequently compared to the hydrodynamic efficiency over a flat sea bed. The study is conducted for four distinct wave time periods (T) in the range of 1.16–2 s. The axial flow velocity under the stationary plate is computed for various conditions, such as (a) thin plate only, (b) thin plate and a trapezoidal structure of distinct altitude below it. This research study illustrates that optimal efficiency occurs at α2 = 50%. Additionally, axial flow velocity (vx) exhibits elevated values at T = 1.87s for increased wave steepness. The findings indicate noticeably improved hydrodynamic efficiency with higher wave steepness.

Caregivers of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) face unique challenges, including stigma and social isolation, that affect their emotional, physical and psychological well-being. According to Szmukler et al. (1996) stress-coping model, the Experience of Caregiving (EoC) and social support (SS) are crucial resources that help caregivers manage stress. This study examines how caregiving appraisals (positive: ECIP; negative: ECIN) and SS influence the quality of life (QoL) of caregivers. To explore the relationships between QoL, ECIP, ECIN and SS among caregivers of individuals with AUD and assess their collective impact on QoL. Using purposive sampling, 128 family caregivers (18 males and 110 females) providing care to a male family member diagnosed with AUD were recruited from two psychiatric hospitals in Amritsar, Punjab. The mean age of the participants was 43.05 years (SD = 13.02). Participants completed the World Health Organisation Quality of Life-Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF), Experience of Caregiving Inventory (ECI) and the Post Graduate Institute (PGI) Social Support Questionnaire (PGI-SSQ). Data were analysed using Pearson's product-moment correlation and multiple regression analysis to identify predictors of QoL. Pearson's product-moment correlation analysis revealed that QoL was significantly positively correlated with ECIP (r = 0.714, p < .01) and SS (r = 0.641, p < .01) and negatively correlated with ECIN (r = -0.679, p < .01). Multiple regression analysis indicated that ECIP, ECIN and SS together explained 64% of the variance in QoL, with ECIP emerging as the strongest predictor (β = 0.383). QoL among AUD caregivers is significantly shaped by their caregiving appraisals and perceptions of SS. Interventions aimed at fostering positive appraisals and strengthening support systems are essential for improving caregiver well-being. Integrating caregiver-focused psychosocial interventions within routine addiction treatment services may further enhance long-term outcomes for both caregivers and patients.

Lemma 3 in the paper [1] [Communications in Algebra, 49(6), 2722–2727, 2021] is revisited. In this paper, we provide an improvised rudimentary proof of the same.