HBIS (China)

This paper presents a Multi-Load-Case topology optimization framework for aluminum alloy wheels to overcome the limitations of empirical rear-cavity lightweight designs. To balance structural integrity and mass reduction without altering the aerodynamic outboard styling, a region-constrained topology optimization was conducted. By employing a compromise programming method based on strain energy ratios, the weighting coefficients for bending fatigue and 13° impact load cases were scientifically calibrated. Furthermore, manufacturing constraints, including a 10 mm minimum member size and draw directions, were incorporated to ensure direct compatibility with conventional casting. The results demonstrate that the optimized depth-gradient cavities successfully reduced the peak von Mises stress for bending fatigue by 19.25% (from 133.9 to 108.13 MPa) and for the 13° impact by 14.57% (from 74.63 to 63.76 MPa), alongside a slight mass reduction of 0.53%. This approach offers a mathematically rigorous and industrially viable paradigm for the multi-objective lightweight design of high-performance automotive components.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with rising global prevalence. Current management strategies predominantly address behavioral symptoms rather than core neurobiological dysfunctions, highlighting an unmet need for mechanism-targeted interventions. This review comprehensively evaluates the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)-based therapies for ASD. We discuss the multi-faceted mechanisms through which MSCs and their secretomes (particularly MSC-EVs or MSC-exos) may ameliorate ASD pathophysiology, including modulation of neuroinflammation via anti-inflammatory cytokine and adenosine signaling, promotion of neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity through neurotrophic factors (e.g., BDNF, GDNF), restoration of gut-brain axis communication, and enhancement of cerebral angiogenesis via VEGF. We synthesize a decade of preclinical evidence (2015–2025) from various ASD animal models (e.g., BTBR, VPA-induced, MIA, Shank3B KO), detailing improvements in social behavior, repetitive actions, and cognitive function following MSC or MSC-derived product administration via routes such as intravenous, intranasal, or intracerebroventricular delivery. Furthermore, we analyze all registered early-phase clinical trials (Phase I and II, n = 9 as of March 2026), comparing different MSC sources, their safety profiles, and preliminary efficacy outcomes. Key challenges are examined, including heterogeneity in trial design, small sample sizes, the predominance of open-label studies, and the gap between promising preclinical results and established clinical translation. MSC-based therapy represents a transformative, pathophysiology-informed strategy for ASD. While preclinical and early clinical data are encouraging, significant hurdles remain in standardization, dose optimization, and demonstration of long-term efficacy and safety. We emphasize the necessity for rigorous, large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to advance this promising therapeutic approach toward clinical application.

The strength‐plastic mechanism of a low‐carbon bainitic pipeline steel and its response to rapid tempering were investigated by microstructural characterization and tensile assessment. Notably, the rapid‐tempering effects differ markedly between high‐strength and low‐strength plates. For high‐strength plate after rapid tempering, both yield strength and tensile strength decrease, whereas the elongation improves. In contrast, regarding the low‐strength plate, rapid tempering leads to increases in both yield strength and tensile strength, but the elongation diminishes relative to the hot‐rolled plate. In addition, for hot‐rolled plate, coiling at elevated temperature promotes finer grains and a higher fraction of large‐angle grain boundaries. Conversely, hot‐rolled plate coiled at lower temperature retains portions of lath bainite, resulting in higher values of kernel average misorientation and geometry necessary dislocation. Furthermore, lath bainite demonstrates high thermal stability during the rapid tempering of high‐strength plate. Based on the experimental data, an empirical equation for predicting the hardness after rapid tempering was derived.

Mg‐Ti treatment is a new technique in oxide metallurgy. It increases the number density and refines the size of oxide inclusions, which leads to further refinement of the matrix structure and enhances low‐temperature impact toughness. This article investigates the influence of Ti and O content on the evolution of inclusions in Mg‐Ti treated marine steel during homogeneous heat treatment, employing a combined approach of experiments and theoretical calculations. The results show that increasing the Ti content significantly alters the composition and number density of inclusions. Specifically, the inclusion composition shifts toward Ti 3 O 5 in the MgO‐Ti 3 O 5 ‐Al 2 O 3 system, and the inclusion number density increases. Oxygen content is a key factor governing the generation and transformation of Ti‐Mg‐O inclusions. Thermodynamic analysis reveals that this transformation requires a minimum dissolved oxygen content of approximately 14.4 ppm. Consequently, when the oxygen content decreases from 22 to 8 ppm, falling below this critical threshold, the transformation reaction ceases. Two distinct inclusion transformation mechanisms are identified. The first is the modification of existing high‐MgO inclusions, a process controlled by the diffusion of Ti within the inclusions. The second is the formation of new Ti‐Mg‐O inclusions, governed by the diffusion of Mg in the austenitic matrix.