Hosan University

Not susceptible to methicillin Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is a potentially harmful bacteria that is resistant to the most important antimicrobial agents. Because MRSA is so resistant to many antibiotics, it can cause illnesses by forming biofilms. The aim of this study was to assess the nasal carriage rate of biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its associated factors among HealthCare Workers at Wachemo University Nigist Ellen Mohammed Memorial Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Central Ethiopia. This cross-sectional study, carried out at Wachemo University Nigist Ellen Mohammed Memorial Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Central Ethiopia from August 1 to November 30, 2023. Nasal swab samples from 294 healthcare workers (HCWs) were obtained using sterile cotton swabs. Bacterial isolates were identified using standard culture methods on Mannitol Salt and Blood Agar, while antimicrobial susceptibility testing and biofilm formation assessments followed the CLSI 2023 (M100, 33rd edition) guidelines via the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion methods. All laboratory analyses were performed in triplicate to ensure consistency. Data were double-entered into Epi Data version 4.6 and cross-checked for accuracy. Missing or inconsistent data were verified against original laboratory records and latterly then, exported to SPSS V25 for analysis. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were applied for statistical evaluation, with a p-value of ≤ 0.05 regarded as statistically significant. In this study, the occurrence rates of S. aureus, MRSA, and biofilm-producing MRSA were 98 out of 294 isolated strains (33.4%), 41 out of 294 isolated strains (13.9%), and 28 out of 294 isolated strains (9.5%), respectively. The MRSA strains exhibited high sensitivity to linezolid, rifampicin, and vancomycin while showing resistance to cefoxitin, cotrimoxazole, and ciprofloxacin. A history of prior hospitalization (length of stay in the hospital) was statistically significant for the colonization of biofilm-producing MRSA, with an adjusted odds ratio of 10.00 (95% CI: 1.36-73.3; P = 0.024). MRSA and MRSA that produces biofilms were found to be 41.8% and 68.3% prevalent overall in the study area, respectively. Biofilm-producing MRSA is a potential cause of healthcare-associated diseases. Therefore, these findings emphasize the urgent need for improved infection-prevention practices and routine screening of healthcare workers to mitigate the risk of healthcare-associated infections.

• Three wild edible plants have been analyzed for biochemical composition. • In comparison to cultivated vegetable crops, leaves and shoots and fruits edibles of these plants had comparatively greater protein and total carbohydrate contents. • Of all the wild edible plants examined, Amaranthus tortuosus had the highest levels of iron, calcium, ash, and protein. • Among the analyzed plants, the highest phenolic, flavonoid, and vitamin C in Landolphia buchananii fruit. • The Landolphia buchananii extract had a comparable IC50 value with ascorbic acid in scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical. • Wild edible plants may continue the novel food products, which may be promising candidates for cultivation to diversify food sources. In Ethiopia, wild edible plants (WEPs) are widely consumed. Despite the extensive usage of WEPs in Ethiopia, there have been few investigations on their nutritional composition.This study aimed to investigate the biochemical composition and antioxidants of the most commonly consumed three WEPs, Amaranthus tortuosus, Landolphia buchananii , and Oncoba spinosa in Soro District, Ethiopia . The proximate, mineral, vitamin C, and oxalate of them were determined using the method by AOAC. Anti-nutrients, total phenolic and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of the WEPs using standard spectroscopic methods. The highest crude protein content (38 g/100 g) was observed in Amaranthus tortuosus . Other nutrients on dry basis of crude fat, crude fiber, utilizable carbohydrate, gross energy, calcium, iron and zinc, vitamin C were resulted., including anti-nutrients of phytate, oxalate and tannin. O. spinosa has higher anti-nutrient content. The highest phenolic, flavonoid, and vitamin C in L. buchananii fruit. The L. buchananii extract had a comparable IC50 value with ascorbic acid in scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical. At 200 μg/ mL, the highest percentage of DPPH inhibition obtained for ascorbic acid. This study indicated, WEPs had more antioxidants than some common popular crops; it suggests that they can be incorporated to make more nutrient-dense and healthy-balanced diets.

During pregnancy, a woman needs good nutrition for a healthy birth outcome. Besides, the need for nutrients dramatically increases more during pregnancy than at any other stage in the woman’s life. However, nutrient deficiencies and imbalanced dietary intake occur during the reproductive period in urban and rural women in both developing and developed nations. Nevertheless, there is a lack of information on dietary diversity among urban and rural pregnant women in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was designed with the objectives of comparing the dietary diversity among pregnant women between urban and rural areas, and to identify associated factors in Lemo Woreda, Hadiya Zone, Central Ethiopia. A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 429 pregnant women in urban and rural areas of Lemo Woreda, Hadiya Zone in July 2021. The collected data was entered in Epi data version 3.1, and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the dietary diversity practice of pregnant mothers. P-value ≤0.05 was considered as statically significant. The proportion of pregnant women who had adequate dietary diversity practice was 35.9%. There was no statistical difference between urban and rural pregnant women in dietary diversity practice. Age (AOR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.20-0.98), family size (AOR=1.886, 95%CI: 1.094-3.250), occupation (AOR=3.30, 95%CI: 1.002-10.873) and household food security (AOR=5.0, 95%CI: 2.919-8.594) independently predicted dietary diversity practice. The prevalence of adequate dietary diversity among pregnant women was low. Therefore, interventions on household food security, women's occupations, and promoting family planning may improve the dietary diversity among pregnant women in the study areas.

Literature emphasizes integrating nature of science (NOS), science process skills (SPS), and varied laboratory activities within guided discovery methods to enhance learning, yet empirical evidence on their synergistic effects remains scarce. This study involved a phase III tandem design with three treatment pair match groups, using a quasi-experimental approach and assessed the combined impact of <i>modified guided discovery methods</i> using implicit NOS integration, explicit approach of SPS, and diverse labs on academic achievement (conceptual/procedural knowledge) and motivation among 88 Ethiopian college students. ANCOVA and multiple regression analyses showed non-significant individual effects for NOS (*p* = 0.702 on conceptual, 0.842 on procedural, 0.986 on motivation), pedagogy (*p* = 0.830, 0.635, 0.759), and SPS (*p* = 0.568, 0.880, 0.952) on conceptual, procedural, and motivation, respectively. Interaction effects (NOS, SPS, and<i> </i>pedagogy) were also non-significant across outcomes (*p* > 0.05). However, substantial Partial eta-squared values indicated meaningful practical effects: individually, NOS (η² = 0.865 on conceptual, 0.815 on procedural, 0.658 on motivation) and SPS (η² = 0.894 on conceptual, 0.788 on procedural, 0.724 on motivation) strongly influenced outcomes; interactively, NOS*SPS had large effects on conceptual knowledge (η² = 0.711) and moderate effects on procedural knowledge (η² = 0.521) and motivation (η² = 0.524). This divergence between statistical non-significance and large effect sizes suggests the instructional model meaningfully impacts learning despite null hypothesis test results. We recommend: (1) curricular refinements to amplify effects, (2) application in diverse learning environments, and (3) supplementing traditional assessments with performance-based evaluations to better capture gains.

Consideration of soil deformation characteristics is a crucial factor in the design and construction of infrastructure facilities, as they can have a significant impact on the stability and serviceability of structures. Changes in the soil deformation modulus with depth reflect changes in soil density, layering, and stress levels. Accurate assessment of the soil deformation variability is important to ensure the safety and reliability of building foundations. This paper focuses on testing the statistical hypothesis about the type of the soil deformation modulus probability distribution when analyzing cone penetration testing (CPT) data. The soil deformation modulus probability distribution is assumed to be normal and this fact is not checked before modelling. In this paper it is shown that Weibull, Lognormal and Gamma distributions are more suitable than normal for CPT data taken from an open internet source.

The burden of comorbid cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its preventable factors in type 2 diabetes is not well acknowledged in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the magnitude of comorbidity of CVD and predictors among individuals with type 2 diabetes. A multicentre hospital-based cross-sectional study. Bahir Dar city Administration Public Hospitals, Ethiopia. Data on comorbid CVDs among individuals with type 2 diabetes were collected through patient chart reviews. To identify predictors of CVDs in type 2 diabetes, information on lifestyle and psychosocial characteristics, medication and dietary adherence, and disease management status was collected using standardised questionnaires. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS V.26. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05, with ORs and 95% CIs. The participants' mean age (±SD) was 51.5±10.9 years. The overall prevalence of comorbid CVDs among type 2 diabetes was 27.9% (95% CI 23.6% to 32.3%). Factors that statistically predicted the occurrence of comorbid CVDs in type 2 diabetes were: age >60 years (adjusted ORs (AORs)=2.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 6.6), non-adherence to diabetes-friendly diet (AOR=4.0, 95% CI 1.9 to 8.2), low medication adherence (AOR=2.8, 95% CI 1.5 to 5.3), being overweight (AOR=5.3, 95% CI 2.9 to 9.8), and diabetes duration >10 years (AOR=3.7, 95% CI 1.7 to 8.1). Comorbid cardiovascular disease is a significant issue among type 2 diabetic patients. Its prevalence is higher in patients over 60 years of age, with modifiable factors identified as key contributors. Appropriate interventions are recommended, including educating type 2 diabetic patients on dietary regimens, medication adherence, weight management, and the benefits of timely healthcare for effective disease management.

Hepatitis virus is an inflammation of liver grouped among a member of hepadnavirus family with partially double stranded circular DNA genome, whose envelope contains protein called surface antigen. Due to existence of transmission methods within day to day activity, due to lack of knowledge, misuse of drugs of HBV and carelessness of health professionals we committed assessment of spreading status of HBV in Shone primary Hospital, to imprint knowledge among society, to recommend health professionals and concerning bodies too. This study was based on stratified and purposeful sampling. It proceeded with sex (male and female) and age group (&lt;5, 6-15, 16-25, 26-35 and &gt;36) as variables. During this study secondary data from 2013-2015E.C was used from the Hospital’s record office and laboratory registration books. As a result, age groups of &lt;5, 6-15, 16-25, 26-35 and &gt;36 were founded with 9.65%, 14.9%, 31.6 %, 24.44% and 18.41% among 114 positive patients in 2013 E.C, 9.4%, 12.75%, 41.6%, 27.5% and 8.75% among 149 positive patients in 2014 E.C and 8.5%, 16.33%, 34%, 23.53% and 17.64% among 153 positive patients in 2015 E.C respectively. And over all of 18.96% among patients examined for HBV were positive. 2.53% average increment for successive years and 5.52% and 2.2% annual increments was seen among females. Generally, lack of knowledge, unsafe blood transfusion, sexual intercourse, misuse of drugs and others were present among dwellers. So, knowledge imprinting, planning, wise use of drugs, punishing illegal, traditional peoples working with blood and contact without permission was needed to eradicate spread of disease.

Chatbot technologies are very popular one in the field of NLP and AI to process basic expressions of interaction between humans (end users) and devices as Question Answering System (QAS). They are used in many ranges like in industry to provide customer services based on their need to reach on their desires, transportation, health, entertainment, education, psychology to monitor human emotions and in many. Messaging service is a popular means of communication as text based messaging (SMS) or through messaging applications. Chatbots are virtual assistant technologies that are designed and developed based on the user’s query and to their language. The aim of this paper is to develop and implement a rule based conversational chatbot for Afaan Oromo Language. The approach gets a simple Afaan Oromoo query as input and retrieves answers from a set of predefined rules or responses. The performance of our model is evaluated through human judgment.