Hungarian Meteorological Service

Hybridization is a common phenomenon in birds. Woodpeckers (Picidae) are no exception, as approximately 20% of species are known to hybridize and, for many others, interspecific mating is suspected. However, the mechanisms and consequences (phenotypic and genetic) of hybridization are understood for only a fraction of woodpecker species. Here, we conduct a systematic review on the literature that deals with hybridization in woodpeckers and examine the available geographical and genetic data. According to the published data, most woodpeckers that hybridize inhabit the Neotropics, followed by the Nearctic and the Palaearctic. Hybridization appears to be less common in the Afrotropic and Indotropic regions. Indeed, it seems that the irregular distribution of woodpecker hybridization is determined by geo‐climatic constraints and is most likely biased by evolutionary history. As expected, hybrids are usually found among closely related congeneric pairs of species, although members of 60% of hybridizing woodpecker pairs do not seem to be closest relatives of each other. Closely related woodpeckers show similarities in their respective reproductive biology, ecology and ethology, and so had less time for genetic incompatibilities to build up. Hybridization plays a substantial role in woodpecker evolution and ecology; therefore, this phenomenon deserves further study using genomics and citizen science.

Abstract. The paper reviews and evaluates a 30-year-long atmospheric CO2 data series measured at the Hegyhátsál tall-tower greenhouse gas monitoring site, a member of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and pan-European Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) networks. The paper also gives the technical description of the monitoring system and its changes over time and introduces the environment of the station. This low-elevation (248 m above mean sea level – m a.m.s.l.), mid-continental central European site shows a 3.90 ± 0.83 µmol mol−1 offset relative to the latitudinally representative marine boundary layer reference concentration, presumably due to European net anthropogenic emissions. The long-term trend (2.20 µmolmol-1yr-1) closely follows the global tendencies. In the concentration growth rate, the ENSO effect is clearly detectable with a 6–7-month lag time. The summer diurnal concentration amplitude is slightly decreasing due to the faster-than-average increase in the nighttime concentrations, which is related to the warming climate. The warming climate also caused a 0.96 ± 0.41 d yr−1 advance at the beginning of the summer CO2-deficit season in the first half of the measurement period, which did not continue later. The summer CO2-deficit season was extended by 9.0 ± 6.1 d during the measurement period.

The paper reviews and evaluates a 30-year-long atmospheric CO2 data series measured at Hegyhátsál tall-tower greenhouse gas monitoring site, a member of WMO GAW, NOAA, and ICOS networks (id. code: HUN). The paper also gives the technical description of the monitoring system, and that of the physical environment of the station. This low elevation (248 m above m.s.l.), mid-continental Central European site shows a 3.90±0.83 µmol mol -1 offset relative to the latitudinally representative marine boundary layer reference concentration presumably due to the European net anthropogenic emissions. The long-term trend (2.20 µmol mol -1 year -1 ) closely follows the global tendencies. In the concentration growth rate, the ENSO effect is clearly detectable with a 6-7 months lag-time. The summer diurnal concentration amplitude is slightly decreasing due to the faster-than-average increase of the nighttime concentrations, which is related to the warming climate. The warming climate also caused a 0.96±0.41 day year -1 advance in the beginning of the summer CO2-deficit season in the first half of the measurement period, which did not continue later. More than a century ago Ekholm (1901) and Arrhenius (1908) raised that carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by coal burning might accumulate in the atmosphere causing global climate change in the long run. Later, analyzing the sporadic measurements available, Callendar considered it proven that carbon dioxide was indeed accumulating in the atmosphere, and it might be the driver of the warming trend observed since the beginning of the 20th century (Callendar, 1938; 1949) . However, the measurements were not convincing due to their technical and representativeness problems. Finally, radiocarbon studies of Suess and Revelle confirmed that atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were indeed increasing (Suess, 1955; Revelle and Suess, 1957) , potentially foreshadowing dangerous global climate change. Their works led to the initiation of direct continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by Keeling in 1957 (Keeling, 1960) . Since David Keeling's pioneering work, a large number of monitoring sites have been established around the world. In the beginning, they were established in very isolated remote places, far from any anthropogenic and biospheric influences (arctic regions, high mountain peaks, mid-oceanic islands). However, one of the main actors of the global carbon cycle is the biosphere with its climate-sensitive assimilation, respiration, and carbon storage. While the remote sites were able to record

The paper reviews and evaluates a 30-year-long atmospheric CO2 data series measured at Hegyhátsál tall-tower greenhouse gas monitoring site, a member of WMO GAW, NOAA, and ICOS networks (id. code: HUN). The paper also gives the technical description of the monitoring system, and that of the physical environment of the station. This low elevation (248 m above m.s.l.), mid-continental Central European site shows a 3.90±0.83 µmol mol -1 offset relative to the latitudinally representative marine boundary layer reference concentration presumably due to the European net anthropogenic emissions. The long-term trend (2.20 µmol mol -1 year -1 ) closely follows the global tendencies. In the concentration growth rate, the ENSO effect is clearly detectable with a 6-7 months lag-time. The summer diurnal concentration amplitude is slightly decreasing due to the faster-than-average increase of the nighttime concentrations, which is related to the warming climate. The warming climate also caused a 0.96±0.41 day year -1 advance in the beginning of the summer CO2-deficit season in the first half of the measurement period, which did not continue later. More than a century ago Ekholm (1901) and Arrhenius (1908) raised that carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by coal burning might accumulate in the atmosphere causing global climate change in the long run. Later, analyzing the sporadic measurements available, Callendar considered it proven that carbon dioxide was indeed accumulating in the atmosphere, and it might be the driver of the warming trend observed since the beginning of the 20th century (Callendar, 1938; 1949) . However, the measurements were not convincing due to their technical and representativeness problems. Finally, radiocarbon studies of Suess and Revelle confirmed that atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were indeed increasing (Suess, 1955; Revelle and Suess, 1957) , potentially foreshadowing dangerous global climate change. Their works led to the initiation of direct continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by Keeling in 1957 (Keeling, 1960) . Since David Keeling's pioneering work, a large number of monitoring sites have been established around the world. In the beginning, they were established in very isolated remote places, far from any anthropogenic and biospheric influences (arctic regions, high mountain peaks, mid-oceanic islands). However, one of the main actors of the global carbon cycle is the biosphere with its climate-sensitive assimilation, respiration, and carbon storage. While the remote sites were able to record

Abstract. The paper reviews and evaluates a 30-year-long atmospheric CO2 data series measured at Hegyhátsál tall-tower greenhouse gas monitoring site, a member of WMO GAW, NOAA, and ICOS networks (id. code: HUN). The paper also gives the technical description of the monitoring system, and that of the physical environment of the station. This low elevation (248 m above m.s.l.), mid-continental Central European site shows a 3.90±0.83 µmol mol‑1 offset relative to the latitudinally representative marine boundary layer reference concentration presumably due to the European net anthropogenic emissions. The long-term trend (2.20 µmol mol‑1 year‑1) closely follows the global tendencies. In the concentration growth rate, the ENSO effect is clearly detectable with a 6–7 months lag-time. The summer diurnal concentration amplitude is slightly decreasing due to the faster-than-average increase of the nighttime concentrations, which is related to the warming climate. The warming climate also caused a 0.96±0.41 day year‑1 advance in the beginning of the summer CO2-deficit season in the first half of the measurement period, which did not continue later.

Earth's global climate system is vast, complex, and intricately interrelated. Many areas are influenced by global-scale phenomena, including the "triple dip" La Niña conditions that

Harvested wood products (HWPs) store a significant amount of carbon, and their lifetime extension and appropriate waste management, recycling, and reuse can contribute remarkably to the achievement of climate goals. In this study, we examined the carbon storage and CO2 and CH4 emissions under different scenarios of 200,000 m3 particleboard manufactured in 2020 by a hypothetical manufacturer. The scope of our investigation was to model the effects of a changing product lifetime, recycling rates and waste management practices on the duration of the carbon storage in wood panels and on their emission patterns. The aim of the investigation was to identify the most climate-friendly practices and find the combination of measures related to HWP production and waste management with the highest climate mitigation effect. We used the newly developed HWP-RIAL (recycling, incineration and landfill) model for the projections, which is a combination of two IPCC models parametrized for Hungarian circumstances and supplemented with a self-developed recycling and waste-route-selection submodule. The model runs covered the period 2020–2130. According to the results, the combined scenario with bundled mitigation activities had the largest mitigation potential in the modelled period, resulting in 32% emission reduction by 2050 as compared to the business-as-usual scenario. Amongst individual mitigation activities, increased recycling rates had the largest mitigation effect. The lifetime extension of particleboard can be a complementary measure to support climate mitigation efforts, along with the concept of cascade use and that of circular bioeconomy. Results showed that landfilled wood waste is a significant source of CH4 emissions on the long term; thus, incineration of wood waste is preferable to landfilling.

A mezőgazdaság szempontjából a csapadék és a hőmérséklet a két legfontosabb meteorológiai elem. Előbbi hosszabb időszakon át jelentkező hiánya egyaránt nagy hatással van a növénytermesztésre és az állattenyésztésre is. A történelmi időkben a 2022-eshez hasonló rendkívül száraz éveket mindig éhínség követte az adott területen (Réthly A., 1998), és bár a XXI. században ettől nem kell tartanunk Magyarországon, az aszálynak így is súlyos következményei vannak az élelmiszertermelésre. A szárazság nem egyforma mértékben érintette hazánk egyes tájegységeit, így a terméshozamokban is számottevő különbségek adódtak. Cikkünkben a 2022-es év első nyolc hónapjában tapasztalt nagyfokú aszály sajátosságait és mezőgazdaságra gyakorolt hatásait tekintjük át.

A 2022-es évben Magyarországon és Európa jelentős részén rendkívüli szárazságot figyelhettünk meg. A tartósan csapadékszegény időjárás következtében sokfelé aszály alakult ki, ami nyáron tetőzött. A legsúlyosabb aszály Magyarországon az Alföld középső és tiszántúli részén volt. Ez a tanulmány a 2022-es év csapadékviszonyai mellett foglalkozik a csapadék térbeli és időbeli változékonyságával, a meteorológiai mérések kezdete óta tapasztalt száraz időszakokkal, valamint az elmúlt 500 évben feljegyzett extrém száraz évekkel, időszakokkal.