I.Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

The archaeological activity of Ukrainian museums of Galicia during the interwar period of the 20th century is considered. The emphasis is placed on their role as scientific institutions around which the development of archaeology took place. The author focuses on the museum legislation of interwar Poland and its, often negative, impact on the activity of Ukrainian institutions, in particular, in matters of approving statutes and legalizing their activities. The archaeological activity of museums in such voivodeship centers as Lviv, Ternopil, and Stanislaviv, as well as in powiat towns, is highlighted and analyzed. Communication between museum employees took place during congresses, which became considerably popular in the interwar period. The impact of congresses of Ukrainian museologists on the development of museum activity in general and museum archaeology in particular is shown. It is noted that museum employees on the periphery drew the attention of the local population to the cultural heritage, taught the villagers which finds to pay attention to, and thus preserved many artifacts and explored a significant number of sites that went down in the history of archaeological science of the west of Ukraine. Considerable attention is focused on field research, site conservation activities, and the formation of archaeological collections in the museums «Boykivshchyna» in Sambir, «Lemkivshchyna» in Sanok, «Stryvihor» in Przemysl, «Verkhovyna» in Stryi, «Hutsulshchyna» in Kolomyia, and the Prince Vasylko Museum in Terebovlia. It was found that these museum institutions not only collected, protected, and exhibited archaeological finds, but also acted as organizers of archaeological expeditions, often had a professional archaeologist on staff and established cooperation with archaeologists from the Shevchenko Scientific Society and Lviv University, published research results, which allows us to consider them as full-fledged archaeological centers of Galicia in the 1920s and 1930s.

The Lviv stage of life and scientific activity of the famous Polish archaeologist Kazimierz Żurowski is covered in this article. Based on documents preserved in the Lviv region State Archive and private archival collections, his studies at the Department of Prehistory of the Jan Kazimierz University of Lviv, the first archaeological research, site protection documentation, and conservator’s reports on the work done are examined. Special attention is paid to the topic of scientific research conducted in his Lviv period and the influence of Lviv on the further scientific life of the archaeologist. Studies and cooperation with such famous archaeologists as Leon Kozłowski, Tadeusz Sulimirski, and Markiyan Smishko, who played an important role in the development of K. Żurowski as an archaeologist, seem to be important. A particular place in the article is given to photos from excavations conducted by K. Żurowski and his scientific travels, which are introduced into the scientific literature for the firsttime.

The purpose of this study is to highlight the peculiarities of the development of the Russian aviation industry during the First World War. The focus is on analyzing production programs and matching their quantitative and qualitative parameters to war requirements. The main methods used in our work are problem-chronological, used to describe the state of the Russian aviation industry, and comparative, used to compare the level of development of the Russian aviation industry with other countries that participated in the First World War. General scientific methods have also found their application ‒ primarily, analysis and synthesis. The research resulted in the following conclusions: First World War became a challenge for Russian industry that was in the developing stage, including aviation industry. Needs of the front demanded for increase in plane productions that was a complex task for Russia, taking into account its economic backwardness. Aviation industry, being represented by several big (in the scope of Russia) enterprises, demonstrated a dynamic of growth. For the war period the plane production capacity had increased only in 3 times while in Germany – in 10 times and in France and Great Britain the growth was much bigger. Leading enterprises of aviation industry, such as factory of Duks, Liebiediev, Anatra, Shchetinin – mainly copied foreign samples (French, and sometimes German). Efforts to establish the production of original samples were a complete failure. The most known example is fighter “Illia Muromets” that was a leading one in 1914 but became old-fashioned till 1917. Aviation engine production was also narrow and was far beyond plane production. Enormous investments made in the development existed and building of new enterprises of planes and aviation engines production in 1916‒1917 did not show any results, none of the enterprises started the production. We have analyzed some of these failures – building of Anatra factory in Simferopol and Matias factory in Berdiansk, and aero-motors factories Anatra in Simferopol and Deka in Aleksandrovsk. State police on controlling aviation industry based on providing subsidies and preferential loan, turned to be ineffective – it was vanished by basic purchasing prices that did not count on inflation. That is why Russian aviation industry appeared to be unable to face and respond to war challenges. Production plans of leading Russian aviation factories as well as qualitative and quantitative parameters of products have been analyzed in the article.

Obituaries as a source for prosopographic research are considered. They are usually a kind of summary of a person's life, clearly tied to the place of someone's activity, focus on achievements, show the best features, and describe mostly not private life, but public benefit and contribution to a particular field of work. It is noted that obituaries provide an opportunity to explore professional activities, but working with them requires a rather critical approach, as the dead are usually said/written as «good or nothing». In addition, they were mostly written by mates, close friends, and colleagues but not enemies or scientific opponents, so this type of source lacked critical evaluation. There are cases when the author of obituaries written on the day of death and dedicated to the anniversary, gave a completely different estimation of scientific activity (example – V. Antoniewicz about K. Hadaczek). Obituaries provide an opportunity to recreate the circle of communication, personal relationships, joint projects, and scientific outlook – it can be clearly seen in the numerous ones published in Ukrainian and Polish newspapers and scientific journals. It is noted that texts dedicated to the first, fifth, or tenth anniversary are more critical than «fresh» ones written on the day of death. Texts dedicated to the anniversaries of death can be used to obtain the estimation of scientific activity from contemporaries, but those written directly on the day of death or funeral are often the only source where the burial place, traits of character, slight moments of communication with colleagues, and so on are displayed. It has been stated that in any case, the obituary's task is to preserve the memory of a person in a certain environment. In general, obituaries are a little-studied and promising source, contain useful information on various aspects of the professional and everyday life of archaeologists, and at the stage when the history of archeology is formed as a separate area of research, many names are known only to a very narrow circle, archives scattered in different cities, countries, continents and exactly they serve as the source that pushes to further research. It is concluded that further analysis of the available obituaries of archaeologists of the XIX – first half of the XX century will allow the reconstruction of the history of the archaeological community of Lviv and Halychyna. Key words: obituary, Karol Hadaczek, Bohdan Janusz, Lviv archaeology, memorial paper.

КРИМСЬКА ВЕСНА»: ВІЙСЬКОВО-ПОЛІТИЧНИЙ ТА ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИЙ АСПЕКТИ ОКУПАЦІЇ ПІВОСТРОВА РОСІЙСЬКОЮ ФЕДЕРАЦІЄЮ

ТВОРЦІ ЗМІН. УКРАЇНСЬКІ РЕВОЛЮЦІЇ КІНЦЯ ХХ -ПОЧАТКУ ХХІ СТ. ТА ЇХ НАСЛІДКИ ДЛЯ РОЗВИТКУ НОВОЇ ДЕМОКРАТИЧНОЇ ДЕРЖАВИ

ІДЕОЛОГЕМА «РУССКОГО МИРА» В ЗОВНІШНІЙ ПОЛІТИЦІ РФ В УМОВАХ РОСІЙСЬКОГО ВТОРГНЕННЯ В УКРАЇНУКостюк О. А., Шептицька Л

Муравський О. І