Imperial Metals (Canada)

ABSTRACT The A. M. breccia is part of the Giant Copper property of British Columbia, Canada. It is the only well-defined tourmaline breccia pipe (TBP) in the Canadian Cordillera. The A. M. breccia shares similarities with other TBPs, most notably those of South America. The A. M. breccia demonstrates concentric zonation with regard to breccia texture, consisting of an outer rim of shingle breccia surrounding a fragmental breccia core. Copper grades correlate to breccia zonation, with higher Cu grades within shingle breccias relative to the fragmental core. Hypersaline fluid inclusions were identified in quartz cement within the A. M. breccia, which reflects conditions expected in porphyry copper deposits. Breccia textures, mineralization, and fluid inclusions at the A. M. breccia are nearly identical to other well-studied porphyry-related TBPs. The strong similarities suggest the A. M. breccia is a porphyry-related TBP. This interpretation encourages deep drilling to identify further mineralization within the A. M. breccia pipe as well as discovery for conventional porphyry mineralization at depth. Similarities can also be drawn to Ancestral Cascadia arc porphyry copper deposits and associated TBPs. The proximity of Giant Copper to the Ancestral Cascadia porphyry district infers a genetic relationship and the interpretation that the Giant Copper porphyry system developed from magmatism related to the Ancestral Cascadia subduction. Classifying Giant Copper as an Ancestral Cascadia porphyry system extends the district into southern British Columbia, where Giant Copper marks its northernmost extent.

Research Article| June 01, 2015 The Red Chris Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit, Northern British Columbia, Canada: Igneous Phases, Alteration, and Controls of Mineralization Chris Rees; Chris Rees 1Imperial Metals Corporation, 200-580 Hornby Street, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6C 3B6 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar K. Brock Riedell; K. Brock Riedell † 24732 Willow Creek Road, West Vancouver, B.C., Canada V7W 1C4 †Corresponding author: e-mail, kbriedell@shaw.ca Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar John M. Proffett; John M. Proffett 3P.O. Box 772066, Eagle River, Alaska 99577 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jennifer Macpherson; Jennifer Macpherson 1Imperial Metals Corporation, 200-580 Hornby Street, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6C 3B6 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Steve Robertson Steve Robertson 1Imperial Metals Corporation, 200-580 Hornby Street, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6C 3B6 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Chris Rees 1Imperial Metals Corporation, 200-580 Hornby Street, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6C 3B6 K. Brock Riedell † 24732 Willow Creek Road, West Vancouver, B.C., Canada V7W 1C4 John M. Proffett 3P.O. Box 772066, Eagle River, Alaska 99577 Jennifer Macpherson 1Imperial Metals Corporation, 200-580 Hornby Street, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6C 3B6 Steve Robertson 1Imperial Metals Corporation, 200-580 Hornby Street, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6C 3B6 †Corresponding author: e-mail, kbriedell@shaw.ca Publisher: Society of Economic Geologists Received: 11 Apr 2012 Accepted: 03 Nov 2014 First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1554-0774 Print ISSN: 0361-0128 © 2015 Society of Economic Geologists. Economic Geology (2015) 110 (4): 857–888. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.4.857 Article history Received: 11 Apr 2012 Accepted: 03 Nov 2014 First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation Chris Rees, K. Brock Riedell, John M. Proffett, Jennifer Macpherson, Steve Robertson; The Red Chris Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit, Northern British Columbia, Canada: Igneous Phases, Alteration, and Controls of Mineralization. Economic Geology 2015;; 110 (4): 857–888. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.4.857 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyEconomic Geology Search Advanced Search Abstract Red Chris is a Late Triassic porphyry Cu-Au-(Mo) deposit in the Stikinia island-arc terrane in northern B.C. Late Triassic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Stuhini Group host a series of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic (204–198 Ma) diorite to quartz monzonite stocks and dikes. The Red Chris deposit is hosted in the 204 Ma Red stock, the largest (6.5 × 1.5 km) and most altered intrusion in the area. Volcanic rocks approximately time equivalent with the stock are exposed 2 km to the southwest and west. Postmineral Early and Middle Jurassic sedimentary rocks unconformably overlie the Stuhini Group and Red stock to the south and southeast. The composite Red stock consists of multiple phases of crowded porphyries (30–65% plagioclase + hornblende ± biotite phenocrysts) including abundant premineral "P1" leucodiorite; multiple subphases of synmineral "P2" quartz monzonite porphyries; and volumetrically minor late mineral monzonite ("P3") and monzodiorite ("P4") porphyries. The stock evolved from subalkaline to silica-saturated alkalic composition, with the mineral-related P2 porphyries being high K calcalkalic and high Sr/Y. Common septa of Stuhini biotitic hornfels are entrapped within the stock. Minor postmineral, weakly altered mafic dikes cut the stock.The zone of >0.25% Cu equiv (Cu + Au) is >2 km long (WSW-ENE) and up to 650 m wide. Early A-type quartz veins with disseminated bornite accompanied biotitic and K-feldspar-magnetite alteration, which was coeval with P2 porphyries. Higher Cu and Au grades correlate in a general way with zones of more abundant A veins. Chlorite-carbonate-epidote-actinolite replaced hornblende peripheral to biotitic alteration, and chlorite overprinted much of the secondary biotite. Late alteration affected all porphyry phases and is subdivided into earlier sericite-clay-pyrite, and later low sulfide carbonate-clay-hematite. Late sericite-clay-pyrite alteration sulfidized much of the primary bornite to chalcopyrite with or without pyrite, and carbonate-clay-hematite alteration converted most magnetite to hematite. Highest Cu-Au grades (>2% Cu equiv) occur in and around the early and intermediate stage P2 porphyries.Zoning of Cu, Au, Au/Cu ratios, sulfides, and quartz veins is centered and mostly symmetrical around a core of high-grade Cu-Au within and surrounding apices of P2 porphyry. Contact relationships confirm the close association of P2 porphyry phases with Cu-Au. Zones of >50 ppm Mo surround the highest grade Cu-Au zone at depth. West-northwest and east-northeast strike-slip to oblique-slip faults offset sulfide, Cu-Au, and Mo patterns. Several lines of evidence indicate 15° to 20° of southward tilt since the system formed. Due to glaciation, oxidation is very thin and supergene enrichment negligible.Red Chris was previously considered by most workers as an alkalic or "hybrid" alkalic deposit. New chemical data on synmineral porphyry phases instead suggest high K calc-alkalic composition, similar to the monzonitic Cu-(Mo-Au) class of porphyry deposits, which includes Bingham and Bajo de la Alumbrera. Red Chris is also classified as an A vein type deposit due to strong control of higher grade Cu-Au by A vein stockworks with abundant disseminated Cu sulfides. 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<p id="p-3">Mount Polley is a Late Triassic (~205 Ma) alkalic porphyry Cu-Au-Ag deposit (226.3 thousand tonnes (t) Cu, 21.5 t Au, and 65.1 t Ag), hosted by silica-undersaturated to silica-saturated monzonitic intrusions of the Mount Polley Complex, located in British Columbia, Canada. The Northeast ore zone at Mount Polley is hosted by magmatic-hydrothermal breccia. Copper and precious metals occur in sulfide minerals primarily as coarse- to fine-grained breccia cement. Local wall rocks include equigranular to porphyritic diorite, monzodiorite, and monzonite. </p> <p id="p-4">Alteration, breccia cement, and veins of the Northeast ore zone formed in five paragenetic stages: prebreccia (stage 1), brecciation and main-stage mineralization (stage 2), late-stage mineralization (stage 3), unmineralized postbreccia dikes and veins (stage 4), and epithermal-style veins (stage 5). Intense pervasive K and Fe metasomatism calcite and calc-silicate alteration occurred prior to brecciation caused by the intrusion of megacrystic K-feldspar-phyric monzonite. Stage 2 fluids were silica undersaturated, high temperature (>350C), CO<sub>2</sub> enriched, and of near-neutral to alkaline pH. Potassic, sodic, and calc-potassic assemblages precipitated with mineralization during stage 2 with moderate temperatures at the deposit periphery and in stages 3 and 4. Evidence for more acidic and lower-temperature conditions is preserved in stage 5 veins. </p> <p id="p-5">The <i>δ</i><sup>34</sup>S<sub>sulfide</sub> isotope compositions of stages 2 and 3 chalcopyrite, pyrite, and bornite range from −7.1 to +1.4. Sulfur isotope compositions of anhydrite and gypsum are mostly between 6.2 and 9.8. These values, together with the presence of hematite, are consistent with deposition from an oxidized, sulfate-dominant, high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal fluid. Limited sulfur isotope geothermometry indicates that Cu sulfides precipitated at temperatures from ~480 to ~250C. </p> <p id="p-6">Hydrothermal calcite occurs in all paragenetic stages at Mount Polley. Calcite <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C values range from −0.2 to −10.5, and <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O values from 4.0 to 20.9. The enriched C-O isotope values are not consistent with simple precipitation from an entirely magmatic source of hydrothermal fluid. Interaction of the fluid and/or magma with limestone is considered a likely process to explain the C and O isotope signature. </p> <p id="p-7">Lead isotope data suggest mixing of mantle and crustal sources during mineralization. Main-stage chalcopyrite and pyrite as well as late-stage galena have <sup>206/204</sup>Pb values of 18.77 to 18.92, <sup>207/204</sup>Pb of 15.56 to 15.59, and <sup>208/204</sup>Pb of 38.22 to 38.32. Strontium isotope data (0.703310.70371) provide evidence of a strongly depleted mantle source of Sr with minor crustal input. Epsilon Nd values for main-stage apatite range between 5.9 and 6.5, also indicating a depleted mantle source. Stage 5 carbonate <sup>206/204</sup>Pb values of 18.96 to 19.04, <sup>207/204</sup>Pb of 15.57 to 15.59, and <sup>208/204</sup>Pb of 38.26 to 38.36 suggest superposition of an epithermal system onto the Northeast ore zone, potentially as late as ~100 m.y. after breccia formation. </p> <p id="p-8">The data presented are consistent with the hypothesis that the silica-undersaturated alkalic Mount Polley Complex formed due to carbonate assimilation prior to mineralization. This process can explain the <em>δ</em><sup>13</sup>C-<em>δ</em><sup>18</sup>O isotope data, calcite precipitation concurrent with Cu-Au mineralization, and silica undersaturation of the magma. The CO<sub>2</sub> released during assimilation of carbonate also could have promoted magmatic-hydrothermal brecciation. Silica-undersaturated alkalic porphyry systems may preferentially form in arc terranes built on a carbonate-bearing substrate.</p>

Aluminium alloy cans are generally used as containers for electrochemical energy systems like capacitors and advanced batteries. Packing efficiency of batteries depends upon their configuration. Containers in prismatic, cylindrical and elliptic-cylindrical shapes are generally used for battery applications. Elliptic-cylindrical shape has the advantage of better heat dissipation and good packing efficiency in battery assembly. Safety device to be provided in the cans requires material in the minimum half hard (H14) condition. In the present work, ellipsoidal cans of Al-Mn alloy were successfully realised by impact extrusion process. Mechanical properties of the cans were analysed through to ensure the adequacy of the process and it has been demonstrated that impact extrusion is a viable process for making cans for batteries with required mechanical properties, for the can in total and for the safety device in particular.

One method of increasing the efficiency of gas turbines is the use of a heat exchanger to capture energy from the exhaust gas of the system. In particular, prime-surface and plate-fin recuperators are used to simply transfer heat from the turbine exhaust to the air leaving the compressor discharge and entering the combustor. In so doing, less fuel is required to heat the inlet air to the final combustion temperature. Desirable material requirements include a low coefficient of thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, high temperature strength, adequate environmental resistance and good fabrication characteristics. For most industrial applications the 300 and 400 series stainless steels are currently used for the material of construction. This paper discusses the properties of higher Ni-containing alloys and their possible use as recuperator materials for advanced microturbines currently being developed.

The microsegregation of Mn, Cu, Cr, Mo, Ni and Si has been measured in ductile iron which has been quenched during solidification. Effective segregation coefficients have been determined for each of the elements, and used to calculate the segregation on the basis of the Scheil equation. The calculated values agree reasonably well with the measured values of solute concentration as a function of the solid fraction. On the basis of the measured segregation of the alloying elements, the mechanisms by which the segregation affects the as-cast microstructure are considered, and an explanation for the effect of the segregation on the hardenability of ductile iron is proposed.