Indiana University South Bend

Abstract Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (CW7) is often treated as Jung’s most accessible summary of his psychology, yet it is also the text he revised more extensively than any other. The volume we cite as “Jung, CW7” is a layered construction that weaves together early libido‐theoretical writings, the 1916 “Structure of the Unconscious,” interwar Contributions to Analytical Psychology , and the 1943 Two Essays edition, framed by later prefaces and editorial decisions (Jung, 1953/1966; Shamdasani, 2003). Using a conceptual concordance centred on five anchors—ego and the unconscious; symbol and energy; collective unconscious and archetype; transcendent function; and individuation—I trace how CW7 moves from a predominantly drive‐conflict and biological‐reductionist model toward a more structural, process‐oriented architecture. Roesler’s distinction between biologistic, anthropological, metaphysical, and process‐of‐transformation strands in Jung’s work provides the normative frame and critical edge for this reading (Roesler, 2023, p. 64, 2025). I conclude by sketching implications for how CW7 is taught and cited in contemporary analytical practice, especially where Jung’s process‐of‐transformation strand is distinguished from his biological and metaphysical commitments.

In hypertension care, common mental disorder (CMD) symptoms such as depression and anxiety shape adherence, self-management, and outcomes. Evidence from low- and middle-income settings on factors associated with CMD symptom severity and patients' lived experiences remains limited. This study aimed to examine factors associated with depressive and anxiety symptom severity among adults with hypertension in Nepal and to explore how patients' lived experiences contextualize the quantitative findings. We conducted a community-based, explanatory sequential mixed-methods study in Budhanilkantha Municipality (Kathmandu, Nepal). Quantitatively, 327 adults with hypertension were selected via systematic random sampling. Depressive and anxiety symptom severity were measured with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and modeled as continuous outcomes using linear regression in prespecified blocks (socio-demographic; health/medication; lifestyle) and a fully adjusted model. Qualitatively, we conducted in-depth interviews with 16 purposively selected participants (with and without depressive/anxiety symptoms). Transcripts were thematically analyzed and interpreted using a Biopsychosocial framework. We integrated quantitative and qualitative findings across conceptually related domains to identify areas of convergence, complementarity, and contextual elaboration. In fully adjusted models, sleeping ≥6 h per day was associated with lower depressive and anxiety symptom scores. Non-high-caste group was associated with higher depressive symptom scores, whereas older age was associated with lower anxiety symptom scores. Consumption of >2 servings of fruits and vegetables per day was associated with lower depressive symptom scores. Higher household income and controlled blood pressure showed borderline inverse associations with anxiety symptom scores. Qualitatively, hypertensive patients with CMD symptoms reported persistent insomnia, bothersome medication side-effects, activity restriction, loneliness/stigma, anger/fear, low confidence, and financial strain, whereas those without symptoms described adaptation to medicines, stronger family support, and greater self-efficacy. Mixed-methods integration showed strong convergence for sleep, while qualitative findings complemented quantitative patterns related to financial burden and medication experiences and provided contextual elaboration of perceived hypertension symptoms. Sleep duration, social position, age, diet, and socioeconomic circumstances were associated with CMD symptom severity among adults with hypertension in Nepal. The integrated findings highlight the importance of considering sleep, treatment experiences, financial circumstances, and social support within hypertension care.

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) incidence has increased markedly in the United States and other Western countries over recent decades. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause Barrett’s esophagus, which is strongly associated with the development of AC. However, the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AC remain poorly elucidated. In this exploratory pilot study, we performed transcriptomic profiling by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on six normal esophagus (WT), four Barrett’s esophagus with low-grade dysplasia (BL), and six esophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) samples using RNA extracted via laser capture microdissection (LCM) of histologically confirmed formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) esophageal biopsies. Differential gene expression analysis demonstrated partial separation according to histological group, with overlap between BL and AC. BL and AC groups displayed a multitude of differentially expressed genes relative to WT samples; however, fewer differentially expressed genes were found when comparing BL and AC groups. We identified 3062 differentially expressed genes across comparisons (2289 WT vs. AC; 1854 WT vs. BL; 130 BL vs. AC). Using KEGG pathway analysis and functional annotation, candidate genes and pathways were identified. Genes related to the extracellular matrix, focal adhesion, and PI3K-AKT pathways were upregulated in BL and AC versus WT, while genes relating to keratinization, Ras/Rap1, and Hippo signaling were downregulated in BL and AC versus WT. A small set of genes (e.g., ANPEP, REG4, MEP1A) distinguished BL from AC and represent differentially expressed candidates for further investigation. This exploratory transcriptomic profiling provides insights into gene expression changes associated with AC pathogenesis and identifies candidate genes and pathways that warrant independent validation by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and functional studies.

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is a modality for treatment of chronic lower back pain (CLBP) and/or lumbosacral radiculopathy (LR). Up to 28% of patients with indications for surgical treatment of CLBP/LR continue to have CLBP/LR after surgery despite a technically successful spinal surgery, likely due to development or persistence of neuropathic pain. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation is often used for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Thus, we present a novel technique of integrating DRG stimulation using Direct Visual Placement with open lumbar or lumbosacral decompression and instrumented fusion in a single surgical procedure. In an uncontrolled case series for a proof of concept study, we combined DRG stimulation with TLIF in a single surgical procedure to evaluate feasibility and safety. Fifteen patients with CLBP/LR and indication for TLIF received DRG stimulator placement concomitantly during TLIF. Safety of the combined approach, namely adverse event (AE), was evaluated. Also, change in back pain and leg pain visual analog scale (VAS) scores, as well as opioid usage, from baseline to 12 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively, was tracked. No AE was serious, and was related to the 2 procedures, TLIF and DRG stimulation, being combined. One instance of electrode migration without loss of therapy was recorded. Stimulation parameters were 20 Hz frequency, 250 microsecond pulse width, and less than 1 mA amplitude. Back pain VAS scores improved 67%, 72%, and 71% from baseline at 12 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months, respectively. Leg pain VAS scores improved 67%, 69%, and 69% from baseline at 12 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months, respectively. Responder (VAS score reduction of at least 50%) analysis of back pain and leg pain VAS scores showed that 53.3% and 60.0% of subjects responded to stimulation at 10-20 days for back pain and leg pain, respectively. Responder rates increased to 66.7% and 73.3% at 12 months for back pain and leg pain, respectively. Responder rates for "either" or "both" were 80.0% and 66.0% at 12 months, respectively. Opioid usage was down to 20% from 12 weeks to 12 months. This series demonstrates the feasibility of integrating DRG stimulator placement with open lumbar or lumbosacral decompression and instrumented fusion. The Direct Visual Placement of DRG stimulator demonstrated no TLIF and DRG stimulation combination related AEs, showed feasibility, reduced pain and improved quality of life of the subjects, thus presenting a new treatment approach for CLBP/LR in a single procedure.

Traditional grading practices remain the norm in communication sciences and disorders (CSD) education, despite evidence these systems may exacerbate inequities and affect motivation and perceptions of learning. This study examined how traditional and alternative grading practices are experienced by undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in CSD programs. Using a convergent mixed-methods design, survey data were collected from 73 students regarding perceptions of grading, motivation to learn, and emotional responses to assessment. Quantitative analyses indicated that students in alternatively graded classrooms reported significantly higher perceptions of fairness, clarity, and learning than those in traditionally graded settings. Qualitative analysis revealed contrasting emotional climates, with traditional grading frequently associated with stress, fear, and finality, while alternative grading was described as supportive, flexible, and growth oriented. Although demographic differences were not statistically significant, findings underscore the influence of grading structures on students’ academic experiences. Implications for creating more equitable and transparent assessment practices are discussed.

SYNOPSIS I experimentally investigate the influence of the degree heterogeneity among employees’ abilities and the salience of this knowledge on the effectiveness of relative performance information (RPI) on performance in tournaments. Consistent with predictions, results show that RPI is more motivating or effective when employees’ abilities are of similar levels, or homogeneous, and also the knowledge of abilities is more highly salient than when employee abilities are perceived as more heterogeneous. Also, making homogeneous ability salient affects high and low performers differently. The results suggest that firms should be conscious of employee ability differences when using tournament incentives. Disclosing the low ability difference benefits firms when the participating employees are relatively homogeneous in ability, whereas the cost of not disclosing becomes high among the best employees. Data Availability: Data are available from the author upon request. JEL Classifications: J24; D83; D84; M41; M52.

Baited-hook fisheries negatively affect shark and ray populations due to bycatch, the unintentional capture of non-target species. Research focused on repelling technology to mitigate shark bycatch predominantly explores the use of magnetic fields and biomimicry to deter sharks by interfering with their electroreception, olfactory, or visual systems. We examined the effectiveness of three electronic bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) with different signal frequencies and duty cycles (fraction of time an electrical signal is active) through controlled laboratory tank experiments on Atlantic spiny dogfish ( Squalus acanthias ). Randomly selected pairs of spiny dogfish were exposed to either a BRD emitting electrical pulses or an inactive control. Over the course of six minutes, bait consumption, time to eat, and number of bites were recorded. A total of 173 active and 151 inactive trials with 31 wild spiny dogfish were tested. Results suggest that time-varying electrical signals deter spiny dogfish from baited hooks. We observed a reduction in bait consumption, mean bite rate, and probability of bait consumption from all three prototypes (100% duty cycle fixed signal = 32.8%, 50% duty cycle fixed signal = 30.1%, 100% duty cycle quasi-random signal = 50.8%). The lowest bait consumption occurred with the 100% duty cycle, fixed-signal BRD, while the largest treatment differences resulted from the BRD with 100% duty cycle emitting a quasi-random frequency. We surmise that higher duty cycles, where the "on" time is longer within a given period, leads to higher average effectiveness and a more sustained deterrent effect with respect to the study's limitations.