Ingeniería de Sistemas para la Defensa de España

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a highly disabling chronic inflammatory disorder affecting up to 1% of the Spanish population. It is a complex disease that requires significant resources and imposes a considerable economic burden. The aim of this study was to assess the economic burden of diagnosed HS in Spain both at patient and population level. The study was conducted from a societal perspective using a bottom-up, prevalence-based approach. We evaluated publicly financed direct healthcare costs (consultations, diagnostic tests, inpatient admissions, surgery, comorbidities, treatment), direct nonhealthcare costs (formal and informal care, out-of-pocket expenses), and indirect costs (absenteeism and productivity loss) incurred by patients diagnosed with HS. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the uncertainty of the model. The mean annual cost of treating all severities of patients with HS in Spain was €39,535.10. The largest cost components across all categories were informal care (46.05%), treatment (18.24%), out-of-pocket expenses (12.76%), loss of work productivity (10.82%), and surgery (5.62%). Moderate and severe patients cost 64.05% (€34,221.92) and 170.53% (€56,432.77) more than mild patients (€20,860.35), respectively. Assuming a prevalence of 1% and a diagnostic rate of 10%, the total economic burden of diagnosed HS in Spain was estimated at €1587 million. HS has a significant economic impact on patients, their families, the healthcare system, and wider society. This is particularly evident among patients with moderate-to-severe HS. To reduce the economic burden and improve quality of life, efforts should be made to prevent the disease from progressing and to ensure that patients remain in the milder stages.

Abstract Statistical downscaling is a computationally efficient approach in producing a large ensemble of fine-resolution future climate projections to support local climate adaptation efforts. Here, we propose a deep learning–based framework, named BC_DLD, to downscale the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) Earth system model (ESM) outputs from the coarse native resolution to a locally relevant fine resolution at kilometer scale and apply it to the Northeast United States, a region experiencing rapid increase of heavy precipitation and in great need for locally actionable climate information. Employing a two-phase multivariate approach by utilizing an empirical-quantile delta mapping (E-QDM) approach for bias correction at a coarse resolution and deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for downscaling the corrected data to a finer spatial resolution, BC_DLD is designed to preserve the spatial characteristics from observations while retaining the temporal characteristics and climate change signals from ESMs. Here, we demonstrate the implementation of BC_DLD by downscaling the outputs of GFDL-ESM4 historical run and future shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) 5–8.5 scenario over the Northeast, from ∼100 to ∼25 km [using fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) as reference] and then further down to ∼6 km (using Livneh data as reference), and compare the downscaled data with an existing product, localized constructed analogs, version 2 (LOCA2). Despite using the same observational training data as LOCA2, BC_DLD produces more intense and rapid future increase of extreme precipitation than LOCA2, alleviating the underestimation of extremes common among statistical downscaling products. The emergent relationship between extreme precipitation intensity and temperature in BC_DLD more closely resembles the observations, further establishing its efficacy in producing useful and usable future climate projections.

Este estudio aborda las dificultades en la enseñanza de matemáticas en las aulas ecuatorianas de educación básica superior, destacando los obstáculos pedagógicos, estructurales y socioeconómicos que afectan el rendimiento estudiantil. Los principales objetivos de la investigación son identificar las barreras que limitan la enseñanza y proponer estrategias pedagógicas para mejorar el rendimiento académico. La metodología aplicada fue de tipo descriptivo y no experimental, utilizando análisis estadísticos avanzados como regresiones múltiples y análisis factorial para explorar los factores que más influyen en el aprendizaje de matemáticas. Los datos se obtuvieron de fuentes clave como la Evaluación Ser Bachiller (2019), el Informe PISA (2018) y el Estudio de Recursos Educativos (2021). Los resultados evidencian que más del 70% de los estudiantes no alcanza un nivel adecuado en matemáticas y que existe una disparidad significativa entre áreas rurales y urbanas, donde las primeras enfrentan mayores dificultades debido a la falta de recursos educativos. Además, el nivel socioeconómico mostró ser un predictor clave en el rendimiento académico, confirmando la influencia de los recursos tecnológicos y la formación docente continua. Las conclusiones del estudio subrayan la necesidad de una reforma educativa integral que contemple la capacitación constante de los docentes y la mejora en la infraestructura tecnológica para cerrar las brechas educativas y mejorar la calidad del aprendizaje en matemáticas en Ecuador.

In cryogenics, working together with cryocoolers, the thermal straps are a critical thermal element, since they thermally link the instrument with the cold source. In optical elements that work at cryogenic temperatures, the thermal path, and therefore the straps, must isolate them from the vibrations of the cryocoolers. Consequently, its stiffness is a characteristic to consider in the design. But, in the case of optical focal plane arrays, working at very low temperatures such as 50 mK, it can be resonant with the low frequency range of the cryocoolers, and its dissipation can break the superconducting state of the sensors, the basis of its functioning. It is therefore an undesired thermal effect derived from structural behavior. Design limitations impose the need for straps where stiffness is just as important as its conductance. The stiffness value needed is much lower than the one found in commercial straps. Therefore, this work highlights the design, and characterization tests of different strap prototypes in order to achieve the necessary resistivity and thermal conductivity for low cryogenic temperatures. The thermal straps were initially designed for the Cryostat facility for 2K Core Calibration (C2CC) a ground equipment for the ATHENA project (Advanced Telescope for High - ENergy Astrophysics, ESA).

Light from celestial objects interacts with the molecules of the Earth’s atmosphere, resulting in the production of telluric absorption lines in ground-based spectral data. Correcting for these lines, which strongly affect red and infrared wavelengths, is often needed in a wide variety of scientific applications. Here, we present the template division telluric modeling (TDTM) technique, a method for accurately removing telluric absorption lines in stars that exhibit numerous intrinsic features. Based on the Earth’s barycentric motion throughout the year, our approach is suited for disentangling telluric and stellar spectral components. By fitting a synthetic transmission model, telluric-free spectra are derived. We demonstrate the performance of the TDTM technique in correcting telluric contamination using a high-resolution optical spectral time series of the feature-rich M3.0 dwarf star Wolf 294 that was obtained with the CARMENES spectrograph. We apply the TDTM approach to the CARMENES survey sample, which consists of 382 targets encompassing 22 357 optical and 20 314 near-infrared spectra, to correct for telluric absorption. The corrected spectra are coadded to construct template spectra for each of our targets. This library of telluric-free, high signal-to-noise ratio, high-resolution (ℛ > 80 000) templates comprises the most comprehensive collection of spectral M-dwarf data available to date, both in terms of quantity and quality, and is available at the project website.

We investigated the molecular environment of AFGL 2298, an obscured Galactic Luminous blue variable (LBV) star which hosts a highly structured circumstellar environment with hints of multiple mass-loss events in the last few $10^4$ a. We present spectral line observations of AFGL 2298 at 1 and 3 mm performed with the IRAM 30m radio telescope. Furthermore, we report the detection of several carbon- and nitrogen- bearing species (CO, $^{13}$CO, C$^{18}$O, C$^{17}$O, HCO$^+$, HCN, HNC, H$^{13}$CO$^+$, CN, N$_2$H$^+$, and C$_2$H) in the surroundings of AFGL 2298. In addition, we identified three velocity components that clearly stand out from the Galactic background. The morphology, kinematics, masses and isotopic ratios, together with a comparative study of the fractional abundances, lead us to suggest that two of these components (36 and 70 km/s) have a stellar origin. The other component (46 km/s) most likely traces swept-up interstellar material, probably harbouring also a photon-dominated region. The first inventory of the circumstellar molecular gas around AFGL 2298 is provided. The results are compatible with the hypothesis of former mass-loss events, produced before the one that created the infrared nebula. There are chemical hints of the presence of ejected stellar material, and also swept up gas. These findings will help to better understand the mass-loss history of this class of evolved massive stars, which heavily influence the overall chemical evolution of the Galaxy.

[pt] Dez anos após a Lei Anticorrupção, as organizações brasileiras vivem o seu maior desafio: fomentar e manter uma cultura de compliance no seu ambiente organizacional. O programa de compliance deve adequar as práticas empresariais de governança corporativa aos requerimentos da Lei Anticorrupção brasileira nº 12.846/2013 (BRASIL, 2013) e ao Decreto número 11.129/2022 (BRASIL, 2022), responsável por regulamentar a referida lei. A implementação do programa de compliance, não se limita a um requerimento legal para reduzir multas e penalidades, mas sim uma forma de minimizar o risco de integridade, fortalecer a reputação e se destacar em mercados cada vez mais globalizados, competitivos, exigentes e tecnológicos. Embora direcionado e detalhado pela legislação, o processo de construção, implementação e manutenção de programas de compliance pode variar, sendo modelado de acordo com as diferentes culturas organizacionais. Portanto neste trabalho, a partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória com especialistas de compliance, se identificam: (i) quais elementos da cultura organizacional contribuem para a internalização de práticas e comportamentos de uma cultura de compliance nas organizações e (ii) como esses elementos da cultura organizacional influenciam na maturidade de um modelo de cultura de compliance. Dentre os resultados encontrados, identificamos e nomeamos sete elementos essenciais que contribuem para a internalização do valor compliance na cultura organizacional e demonstramos como esses elementos influenciam os estágios de maturidade cultural de compliance. Adicionalmente, verificamos que culturas organizacionais que possuem aspectos das culturas criativa, de controle e colaborativa, apresentam um ambiente mais favorável à implementação e efetividade dos programas de compliance.

Context. The CARMENES instrument, installed at the 3.5 m telescope of the Calar Alto Observatory in Almería, Spain, was conceived to deliver high-accuracy radial velocity (RV) measurements with long-term stability to search for temperate rocky planets around a sample of nearby cool stars. Moreover, the broad wavelength coverage was designed to provide a range of stellar activity indicators to assess the nature of potential RV signals and to provide valuable spectral information to help characterise the stellar targets. Aims. We describe the CARMENES guaranteed time observations (GTO), spanning from 2016 to 2020, during which 19 633 spectra for a sample of 362 targets were collected. We present the CARMENES Data Release 1 (DR1), which makes public all observations obtained during the GTO of the CARMENES survey. Methods. The CARMENES survey target selection was aimed at minimising biases, and about 70% of all known M dwarfs within 10 pc and accessible from Calar Alto were included. The data were pipeline-processed, and high-level data products, including 18 642 precise RVs for 345 targets, were derived. Time series data of spectroscopic activity indicators were also obtained. Results. We discuss the characteristics of the CARMENES data, the statistical properties of the stellar sample, and the spectroscopic measurements. We show examples of the use of CARMENES data and provide a contextual view of the exoplanet population revealed by the survey, including 33 new planets, 17 re-analysed planets, and 26 confirmed planets from transiting candidate follow-up. A subsample of 238 targets was used to derive updated planet occurrence rates, yielding an overall average of 1.44 ± 0.20 planets with 1 M⊕ < Mpl sin i < 1000 M⊕ and 1 day < Porb < 1000 days per star, and indicating that nearly every M dwarf hosts at least one planet. All the DR1 raw data, pipeline-processed data, and high-level data products are publicly available online. Conclusions. CARMENES data have proven very useful for identifying and measuring planetary companions. They are also suitable for a variety of additional applications, such as the determination of stellar fundamental and atmospheric properties, the characterisation of stellar activity, and the study of exoplanet atmospheres.

The Radiation and Dust Sensor is one of six sensors of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer onboard the Perseverance rover from the Mars 2020 NASA mission. Its primary goal is to characterize the airbone dust in the Mars atmosphere, inferring its concentration, shape and optical properties. Thanks to its geometry, the sensor will be capable of studying dust-lifting processes with a high temporal resolution and high spatial coverage. Thanks to its multiwavelength design, it will characterize the solar spectrum from Mars’ surface. The present work describes the sensor design from the scientific and technical requirements, the qualification processes to demonstrate its endurance on Mars’ surface, the calibration activities to demonstrate its performance, and its validation campaign in a representative Mars analog. As a result of this process, we obtained a very compact sensor, fully digital, with a mass below 1 kg and exceptional power consumption and data budget features.

Circumstellar environments of oxygen-rich stars are among the strongest SiO maser emitters. Physical processes such as collisions, infrared pumping and overlaps favors the inversion of level population and produce maser emission at different vibrational states. Despite numerous observational and theoretical efforts, we still do not have an unified picture including all the physical processes involved in the SiO maser emission. The aim of this work is to provide homogeneous data in a large sample of oxygen-rich stars. We present a survey of 67 oxygen-rich stars from 7 to 1 mm, in their rotational transitions from J = 1 → 0 to J = 5 → 4, for vibrational numbers v from 0 to 6 in the three main SiO isotopologues. We have used one of the 34 m NASA antennas at Robledo and the IRAM 30 m radio telescope. The first tentative detection of a v = 6 line is reported, as well as the detection of new maser lines. The highest vibrational levels seem confined to small volumes, presumably close to the stars. The J = 1 → 0, v = 2 line flux is greater than the corresponding v = 1 in almost half of the sample, which may confirm a predicted dependence on the pulsation cycle. This database is potentially useful in models which should consider most of the physical agents, time dependency, and mass-loss rates. As by-product, we report detections of 27 thermal rotational lines from other molecules, including isotopologues of SiS, H2S, SO, SO2, and NaCl.