Institut Carnot ARTS

Cette étude expose les résultats d'un entretien semi-dirigé et d’observation des séances auprès de futurs enseignants : 15 (quinze) pour l’entretien semi-dirigé et 10 (dix) pour l’observation des séances. Son objectif est d’examiner les dispositifs didactiques de construction des savoirs choisis par les enseignants d’arts plastiques qui motivent les apprenants et améliorent leur apprentissage. Les résultats révèlent que le dispositif didactique interrogatif est toujours pratiqué par les futurs enseignants au détriment des autres dispositifs à travers des consignes et contraintes que sont le résolutif ouvert, l’exploration divergente, a-didactique et de mise en situation d’autonomie.

La présente contribution explore les raisons du choix de la grossesse chez les étudiantes de troisième année universitaire. Dans cette perspective, nous avons élaboré un guide d’entretien visant à savoir chez chacune des étudiantes enceintes rencontrées, la raison fondamentale de sa grossesse. Après analyse des résultats, il apparait clairement que les raisons qui expliquent le choix d’une grossesse chez les étudiantes sont internes (81,84%) d’une part et externes (18,16%) d’autre part. Plus spécifiquement, la liberté d’être mère, le désir et la volonté personnelle sont évoquées. Par contre, pour les raisons externes, les pressions liées au statut matrimonial, les pressions familiales et la concurrence au sein de la fratrie justifient le choix. Ces résultats apportent un soutien à la théorie de la motivation à partir de Maslow (théorie des besoins) et de Deci et Ryan (théorie de l’autodétermination) dans l’optique d’expliquer les raisons du choix de la grossesse chez les étudiantes de troisième année de l’Université de Dschang. D’autres études, menées auprès des autres universités avec des étudiantes des cycles Master et Doctorat, sont envisageables pour des logiques de comparaison d’une part. Aussi, il serait judicieux de rechercher les fondements de la conciliation études et parentalité dans le souci de questionner la dimension résiliente en milieu estudiantin, favorable à la libéralisation des ambitions universitaires.

BackgroundThe appropriate antithrombotic regimen for patients with chronic coronary syndrome who are at high atherothrombotic risk and receiving long-term oral anticoagulation remains unknown.MethodsWe conducted a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in France involving patients with chronic coronary syndrome who had undergone a previous stent implantation (>6 months before enrollment) and were at high atherothrombotic risk and currently receiving long-term oral anticoagulation. The patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive aspirin (100 mg once daily) or placebo; all the patients continued to receive their current oral anticoagulation therapy. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, systemic embolism, coronary revascularization, or acute limb ischemia. The key safety outcome was major bleeding.ResultsA total of 872 patients underwent randomization; 433 were assigned to the aspirin group, and 439 to the placebo group. The trial was stopped early at the advice of the independent data and safety monitoring board after a median follow-up of 2.2 years because of an excess of deaths from any cause in the aspirin group. A primary efficacy outcome event occurred in 73 patients (16.9%) in the aspirin group and in 53 patients (12.1%) in the placebo group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 2.18; P=0.02). Death from any cause occurred in 58 patients (13.4%) in the aspirin group and in 37 (8.4%) in the placebo group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.58; P=0.01). Major bleeding occurred in 44 patients (10.2%) in the aspirin group and in 15 patients (3.4%) in the placebo group (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.87 to 6.00; P<0.001). A total of 467 and 395 serious adverse events were reported in the aspirin group and placebo group, respectively.ConclusionsAmong patients with chronic coronary syndrome at high atherothrombotic risk who were receiving an oral anticoagulant, the addition of aspirin led to a higher risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, systemic embolism, coronary revascularization, or acute limb ischemia than placebo, as well as higher risks of death from any cause and major bleeding. (Funded by the French Ministry of Health and Bayer Healthcare; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04217447.)

BackgroundCirculating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a crucial regulator of cholesterol metabolism. Loss-of-function variants in PCSK9 are associated with lower levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, while gain-of-function variants correlate with elevated LDL-C concentrations and increased CVD risk. This study investigated whether genetically determined LDL-C levels, proxied by four PCSK9 genetic variants, influence common carotid artery atherosclerosis.MethodsThe analysis included 3040 European participants (mean age 64.2±5.4 years; 45.8% men) at high cardiovascular risk from the IMPROVE Study, alongside 49 088 individuals of white British ancestry (mean age 55.2±7.6 years; 47.9% men) from the UK Biobank (UKB). Ultrasonographic measurements of common carotid intima-media thickness (CC-IMTmean, CC-IMTmax, CC-IMTmean-max) were obtained. Four lipid-level affecting genetic variants in the PCSK9 locus were selected for analysis, both individually and in a standardised Lipid-Lowering Allelic Score (LLAS), to assess their effects on LDL-C and PCSK9 levels in the IMPROVE cohort and on ultrasonographic measures in both IMPROVE and UKB.ResultsIn the IMPROVE cohort, PCSK9 variants (rs11206510, rs2479409, rs11591147, rs11583680) exhibited expected effect directions, although not all statistically significant, on LDL-C and PCSK9 levels. The LLAS was negatively correlated with CC-IMTmean, CC-IMTmax and CC-IMTmean-max among women in IMPROVE, and among men and overall in UKB (all p<0.05). Effect sizes were comparable between cohorts.ConclusionsGenetic variants in the PCSK9 locus influence LDL-C levels and CC-IMT, in keeping with proven benefits of PCSK9 inhibitors on atherosclerotic cardiovascular events.

In this thesis, our endeavors into the optimization of ex situ heart perfusion (ESHP) for therapeutic purposes are outlined. In the first part of this thesis, steps toward optimization of ESHP to improve preservation are highlighted. These steps include the design of a perfusion protocol to enable extended normothermic ESHP, the validation of a novel device capable of assessing function during unloaded perfusion, and the identification of candidate biomarkers for quality assessment during hypothermic ESHP. The second part of this thesis focusses on the potential for ESHP to serve as a platform for therapeutic intervention. We explored this by conducting numerous literature reviews and conducted a proof-of-principle experimental study to assess whether it is possible to use lipid nanoparticles as a vector for delivery of mRNA to myocardial cells. In the discussion of this thesis, we reflect up future prospects of this promising technology.

Raw data, source code of analyses and analysis reports are described in a git repository (https://gitlab.com/nivall/lymphox).

Abstract Data sharing is a requisite for developing data-driven innovation and collaboration at the local scale. This paper aims to identify key lessons and recommendations for building trustworthy data governance at the local scale, including the public and private sectors. Our research is based on the experience gained in Rennes Metropole since 2010 and focuses on two thematic use cases: culture and energy. For each one, we analyzed how the power relations between actors and the local public authority shape the modalities of data sharing and exploitation. The paper will elaborate on challenges and opportunities at the local level, in perspective with the national and European frameworks.