Institut National de la Statistique

A social accounting matrix (SAM) is a square matrix that captures the circular flows of all economic transactions within a country at a given time. It serves as a reference database for calibrating single-country computable general equilibrium (CGE) models to analyse the economy-wide effects of policy changes and other external shocks. We developed a SAM for Burkina Faso for 2019, adopting a top-down approach, first developing a macro-SAM and further disaggregating it to obtain a micro-SAM. The SAM depicts land as a separate account, differentiates labour by skill level, and disaggregates agriculture and households by agroecological zones. The SAM comprises 91 accounts: 47 activities, 19 commodities, margins, five factors of production, 12 household groups, three tax accounts (sales, production, and income), government, enterprises, savings-investments, and the rest of the world. The SAM is freely accessible to support economy-wide analyses for Burkina Faso, specifically, analyses across agroecological zones.

BackgroundThe appropriate antithrombotic regimen for patients with chronic coronary syndrome who are at high atherothrombotic risk and receiving long-term oral anticoagulation remains unknown.MethodsWe conducted a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in France involving patients with chronic coronary syndrome who had undergone a previous stent implantation (>6 months before enrollment) and were at high atherothrombotic risk and currently receiving long-term oral anticoagulation. The patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive aspirin (100 mg once daily) or placebo; all the patients continued to receive their current oral anticoagulation therapy. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, systemic embolism, coronary revascularization, or acute limb ischemia. The key safety outcome was major bleeding.ResultsA total of 872 patients underwent randomization; 433 were assigned to the aspirin group, and 439 to the placebo group. The trial was stopped early at the advice of the independent data and safety monitoring board after a median follow-up of 2.2 years because of an excess of deaths from any cause in the aspirin group. A primary efficacy outcome event occurred in 73 patients (16.9%) in the aspirin group and in 53 patients (12.1%) in the placebo group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 2.18; P=0.02). Death from any cause occurred in 58 patients (13.4%) in the aspirin group and in 37 (8.4%) in the placebo group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.58; P=0.01). Major bleeding occurred in 44 patients (10.2%) in the aspirin group and in 15 patients (3.4%) in the placebo group (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.87 to 6.00; P<0.001). A total of 467 and 395 serious adverse events were reported in the aspirin group and placebo group, respectively.ConclusionsAmong patients with chronic coronary syndrome at high atherothrombotic risk who were receiving an oral anticoagulant, the addition of aspirin led to a higher risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, systemic embolism, coronary revascularization, or acute limb ischemia than placebo, as well as higher risks of death from any cause and major bleeding. (Funded by the French Ministry of Health and Bayer Healthcare; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04217447.)

Le tissu économique du Burkina Faso repose en grande partie sur le secteur informel, où prédominent des formes d’emploi précaires et peu réglementées. Cette étude explore les facteurs qui influencent le sous-emploi au Burkina Faso, en soulignant le rôle de l’économie. Les données utilisée dans cette étude proviennent de l’Enquête régionale intégrée sur l’emploi et le secteur informel (ERI-ESI), réalisée entre mars et juin 2018 auprès de 13 885 ménages dans les 13 régions du Pays. Un modèle de régression logistique a été utilisé. Les résultats revèlent un taux de sous-emploi global de 23,16%, avec une prévalence plus marquée dans le secteur informel (23,32%) comparé au secteur formel (16,52%). Les facteurs qui influencent cette situation sont le milieu de résidence, la catégorie socio-professionnelle incluent le niveau d’instruction, le type d’emploi et le genre. Les femmes apparaissent particulièrement vulnérables. Etre une femme augmente de 2,16 fois la probabilité d’être en situation de sous-emploi. Ces résultats plaident pour la mise en place d‘ interventions ciblées en faveur des femmes, de promouvoir des activités de contre saison et de renforcer les campagnes de sensibilisation pour faciliter l’accès à l’information sur les opportunités du marché du travail notamment pour les femmes. Burkina Faso's economic fabric relies heavily on the informal sector, where precarious and poorly regulated forms of employment predominate. This study explores the factors that influence underemployment in Burkina Faso, highlighting the role of the economy. The data used in this study comes from the Integrated Regional Survey on Employment and the Informal Sector (ERI-ESI), conducted between March and June 2018 among 13,885 households in the country's 13 regions. A logistic regression model was used. The results reveal an overall underemployment rate of 23.16%, with a higher prevalence in the informal sector (23.32%) compared to the formal sector (16.52%). The factors influencing this situation include place of residence, socio-professional category (including level of education), type of employment, and gender. Women appear to be particularly vulnerable. Being a woman increases the probability of being underemployed by 2.16 times. These results call for the implementation of targeted interventions in favor of women, the promotion of off-season activities, and the strengthening of awareness campaigns to facilitate access to information on labor market opportunities, particularly for women.

A drinking water company in C?te d'Ivoire is going through a critical period in its history. Facing chronic production failures, this company struggled to fulfill its mission of reliable water supply, prompting public discontent and operational inefficiencies. These failures inconvenience populations, who frequently express their frustration. A diagnosis of the company?s situation shows that there are technical and organizational problems, marked by a further deterioration in the production apparatus, inadequate maintenance management practices and insufficient investment in maintenance for equipment and facility renewal. This leads to increasingly irregular service for customers. To respond to the many complaints, the general management is undertaking a comprehensive restructuring with priority emphasis on the maintenance system which appears to be the main problem area. This study analyzes technical and organizational shortcomings, including deteriorating equipment and poor maintenance practices, and details a restructuring effort prioritizing maintenance optimization. Implementing Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) across the company, with a pilot station as the initial focus, yielded significant performance gains, reducing downtime and enhancing service reliability. These findings pave the way for broader application across the company?s network, offering a scalable model for maintenance-driven operational recovery.

Résumé L’étude a été initiée dans le souci d’inventorier les ménages qui pratiquent le déboisement dans la chefferie de Bangengele de 2015 à 2019. Les données ont été recueillies par la méthode d’interview libre. Ainsi, les résultats obtenus montrent que le déboisement est pratiqué toute l’année ; mais décembre est le mois où cette activité est plus pratiquée que les autres mois. Il parait que la chefferie est victime de la dégradation forestière par une exploitation irrationnelle, d’où le reboisement demeure une solution efficace pour réhabiliter les écosystèmes dégradés dans le milieu.Mots-clés : Ménages, Déboisement, Population, Environnement, Bangengele. Abstract The study was initiated in order to inventory the households that practice deforestation in the chiefdom of Bangengele from 2015 to 2019. The data was collected by the open interview method. Thus, the results obtained show that deforestation is practiced all year round; but December is the month when this activity is more practiced than the other months. It seems that the chiefdom is the victim of forest degradation through irrational exploitation, hence reforestation remains an effective solution to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems in the area. Keywords: Households, Deforestation, Population, Environment, Bangengele.

Abstract The concentration profiles and diffusion fluxes of PO43−, NH4+ and NO3− at the water-sediment interface, along with the chemical speciation of phosphorus and heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Cr), were analyzed in three sediment cores from the Sidi Salem Dam lake, the largest dam in Tunisia. The results show that phosphorus in the sediment is associated with carbonates (P-Ca 40 to 60%) and iron from 0 to 10 cm depth (P-Fe 25 to 30%). This association seems to be related to pH regarding P-Ca and Eh regarding P-Fe. The PO43− and NH4+ fluxes are either zero or directed towards the water column (7 to 16 µmol m2 d− 1) for NH4+, excepting NO3−, whose flux at the dam entrance is directed towards the sediment (-8.44 µmol m−² d− 1). Cd contents are negligible in all cores; Zn and Cr contents are highest in the three studied sites; and Pb and Cu are mainly high at the dam entrance (20 to 43.7 µg g− 1 at 10 cm depth for Pb). Chemical fractionation shows that Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr are mainly associated with the residual phase (41%, 71%, 53%, and 95%, respectively).

Article summaryThis study suggests that: 1) patients given AL infected with parasites carrying N86 were statistically more likely to experience a recurrent infection; 2) patients given ASAQ infected with parasites carrying 86Y were statistically more likely to experience a recurrent infection.BackgroundPlasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance transporter 1(Pfmdr1) gene mutations are associated with altered response to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), particularly those containing the partner drugs lumefantrine and amodiaquine (i.e., artemether-lumefantrine [AL] and artesunate-amodiaquine [ASAQ]). Past studies ofPfmdr1single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at codons 86, 184, and 1246 have shown different responses to AL and ASAQ.MethodsTo determine whether infection with parasites carrying specificPfmdr1SNPs leads to increased risk of recurrent parasitemia (recrudescent or new infection), data from 4,129 samples from 16 therapeutic efficacy studies from 13 African countries between 2013–2019 were analyzed.ResultsPatients treated with AL and infected with parasites carryingPfmdr1N86 were at greater risk of treatment failure than those whose parasites carried 86Y. After treatment with ASAQ, individuals infected with parasites that carriedPfmdr186Y were more likely to experience a recurrent infection.ConclusionsOur results support prior studies that suggested: 1) patients given AL and infected with parasites carrying N86 were more likely to experience a recurrent infection; 2) patients given ASAQ and infected with parasites carrying 86Y were more likely to experience recurrent infection. These findings suggest that ACT andPfmdr1genotype may influence outcome afterP. falciparuminfection.

Pour les partisans d’une stricte individualisation de la protection sociale, les familles sont des entités trop instables ou inégalitaires pour servir de référence. C’est oublier que, si les formes de familles ont changé, le fond des relations entre leurs membres constitue au quotidien des réseaux de responsabilités mutuelles fortes, ancrées dans le droit civil et social, sièges de transferts économiques interpersonnels massifs largement consentis : un système de protection familiale au poids financier comparable à la protection sociale entière. Ne pouvant ni s’ignorer ni se combattre, responsabilités familiales et protection sociale sont vouées à s’articuler. Pour que les débats récurrents sur la « familialisation » de la protection sociale soient féconds (autonomie des jeunes, financement de la dépendance, dimension familiale des retraites), il faut repartir des responsabilités communes à l’ensemble des familles.

Ces dernières décennies, la compétitivité fiscale et particulièrement, dans un contexte de libéralisation commerciale et financière, constitue une problématique centrale au niveau d’une part des approches pour l’analyser son niveau, et de d’autre part mesurer son degré d’efficience. Ainsi, le Maroc, pays à budget principalement fiscal a entrepris un ensemble de réformes fiscales ces dernières années afin d’exploiter au mieux les potentialités en matière de ressources publiques et d’améliorer le niveau des recettes de l’État. Dans ce contexte s’inscrit ce travail dont l’objectif est d’évaluer l’efficience des recettes fiscales en recourant à une analyse non paramétrique d’emboitement de données, appelé Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), avec un échantillon de 24 pays suivant en coupe transversale pour l’année de 2020. La détermination des notes d’efficience se base sur une méthode orientée-input avec VRS, avec rendements d’échelle variables. Globalement cette méthode évalue la modification du volume d’input sans modification du volume d’output. Les résultats montrent que le niveau de la pression fiscale au Maroc observé n’est pas efficient par rapport aux pays de l’échantillon. Également, les résultats montrent que les scores d’efficience sont faibles, pour le Mexique, la Colombie, la Turquie et le Maroc. Toutefois, les pays les plus efficients (la Chine, le Brésil, l’Indonésie, et l’Afrique du Sud) sont ceux qui présentent les pressions fiscales les plus élevées et ils sont les plus performants (avec un score égal à l’unité). Le score du Maroc est de 0,713 (71,3%), et qui signifie qu'on pourrait être en mesure d’augmenter ses inputs de (29,7%) pour produire les mêmes outputs et pour fonctionner selon les meilleures pratiques observées. <pre> </pre> <pre><strong>Mots-clés : </strong>Data Eneloppement Analysis, Efficience technique, Scoring, Frontière d’efficience, Rendements d’Echelle </pre> <strong>EL Classification : </strong>B23, M16, M11, M21, O31 <strong>Type de papier : </strong>Recherche empirique

Demand for water increases in Samendeni regarding the undertaken agricultural projects while pressure on surface water from global warming/evapotranspiration also increases. Thus, the need to evaluate the groundwater potential in the catchment is crucial as alternative supplier of water and resilience to climate hazards. The AHP was performed integrating ten influencing factors such as geomorphology, geology, soil, land use/land cover (lulc), slope, rainfall, drainage density, borehole rate & depth and piezometric level to generate groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) in Samendeni watershed (4420 km2). All the factors were processed and ranged into five (5) classes. Weight was assigned to each class of thematic layer. These thematic layers were then reclassified based on the normalized weight to be used in the calculation of groundwater potential zones (GWPZ). The final output, groundwater potential map, revealed a significant groundwater potential with very good (11%), good (31%), moderate (30%), poor (20%), and very poor (8%) of proportion. The interesting (very good, good) GWPZs in the study area are mostly in the central towards the east. The poor zones in term of groundwater potential are concentrated in the upper west region of the watershed. Besides the cross-validation with the relationship between different groundwater potential zones and the wells available in the study area, the overall accuracy was estimated to 88% provided from the result of the similarity analysis where 22 out of the 25 validation wells match with the expected yield classes of GWPZs. The statistics from that validation revealed the performance of AHP method to delineate groundwater potential zones at catchment level.