Institute for International Legal Studies

This essay investigates the actress Fanny Sadowski, whose stile was opposite to that of Ristori and who was highly considered by her contemporaries. Her career is compared to that of Ristori starting from the portrait offered by Leone Fortis in the 1888 introduction to his Cuore ed arte, written in 1852 for Sadowski. Born a few years apart, both married to aristocrats, both died in 1906, they developed their careers in the opposite directions of a new internationalism (Ristori) and a stabilisation in a precise cultural context (Naples for Sadowski). This context, crossed by Ristori in three successive tours, is chosen to set in motion the canonical image of the actress-marquise, observing her in contrast to her rival, Queen of Naples as she was within and beyond Europe. The basis of this essay is the documentation collected for an entry on Sadowski for the Dizionario biografico degli italiani, combined with research in the Fondo Ristori in the Museo Biblioteca dell’Attore in Genoa, about direct and indirect encounters between the two actresses. Fanny Sadowski, whose style would mirror in Eleonora Duse, reveals to be an important actress of her time, capable of exerting profound and lasting influences.ma e Adelaide Ristori. Nate a pochi anni di distanza, entrambe sposate con aristocratici, morte entrambe nel 1906, svilupparono i loro percorsi nei segni opposti di un nuovo internazionalismo (Ristori) e della stabilizzazione in un preciso contesto culturale (Napoli per la Sadowski). Questo contesto, attraversato dalla Ristori in tre successive tournée, è scelto per rimettere in movimento l’immagine canonica dell’attrice-marchesa, osservandola in contrasto alla rivale, regina di Napoli come lei lo fu entro e oltre l’Europa. Base del lavoro è il materiale raccolto per la stesura di una voce sulla Sadowski per il Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (V. 89, 2017), unito alla ricerca nel Fondo Ristori, MBA, di testimonianze dirette e indirette degli incontri tra le due attrici. Fanny Sadowski, il cui stile si rispecchierà in Eleonora Duse, si rivela un’attrice al centro del suo tempo, capace di esercitare influenze profonde e durature.

This year, as in the previous year, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many regional and global meetings had to be held online. Despite difficulties at both regional and global levels, organizations have resumed their work, also reaching important results, such as the signing of the Preah Sihanouk Ministerial Declaration during the seventh Ministerial Forum of the East Asian Seas Congress. (<https://eascongress2021.pemsea.org>) Over the past year, the United Nations (UN) Environment Programme (UNEP) supported the global Pollution to Solution action, which involves a global assessment of marine litter and plastic pollution. According to the analyses carried out, plastic represents 85 percent of marine litter, and, by 2040, the volumes of plastic pollution in marine areas could even almost triple. For this, several actions have already been planned at the regional and global levels to reduce marine plastic litter, including the Forum on the Multi-stakeholder Platform on Marine Litter and Micro-plastics and the Ministerial Conference on Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution, in preparation for discussions at the second part of the fifth meeting of the UN Environment Assembly, which is to take place in 2022 (UNEA 5.2 <https://www.unep.org/environmentassembly/unea5>).

German criticism which studied Wieland’s Geschichte des Agathon focused, on the one hand, on the contents of the novel, trying mainly to identify the canonical elements of the Bildungsroman genre; on the other hand, German studies have taken into consideration purely formal and narratological aspects of the work, concentrating on the figures of the narrator, the reader, etc. This essay intends to conjugate these two interpretative proposals in an unprecedented way and to demonstrate how in the Wielandian novel the content and the formal aspects overlap organically, if we take into account the “philosophical” nature of the work. Reading Wieland’s Geschichte des Agathon on the background of the author's interest in the Hellenistic philosophical doctrines and the spiritual exercises practiced therein, the essay interprets the novel as a sort of spiritual exercise that, by virtue of its “psychagogic” character, intends to cause an inner transformation of the reader trough the experience of reading, involving him/her not only intellectually, but in a total, “spiritual” way, stimulating emotional and cognitive responses. As emerges from the essay Philosophie als Kunst zu Leben and Heilkunst der Seele betrachtet, according to Wieland the anthropological proposal of ancient philosophy seems to be still valid for the eighteenth century because it’s able to conjugate in a holistic way senses and intellect, healing the dysfunctions of modernity: this seems to be the very “performative” and “philosophical” aim of the novel.

At the first stage of negotiations, current Article 22 was not a stand-alone provision but it was merged into the article on the respect for home and the family. During negotiations, delegations agreed to split this article into two separate provisions, following the model of other human rights treaties, and to use the language of Article 17 of the ICCPR for the norm on the right to privacy.

Article 44 extends to the “Regional integration organizations” (RIOs) the opportunity to become Party of the CRPD by the signature and the deposit of their acts of formal confirmation or accession. In virtue of the clause provided by Article 44, the CRPD is the first human rights treaty to be opened for signature by a RIO. Under Article 44, the notion of “Regional integration organizations” should be broadly interpreted as to cover all regional organizations having competence as regards the rights protected in the CRPD. Accordingly, this norm does not provide the participation of the EU exclusively, even if, at the date, the EU is the only RIO to have ratified the Convention. The EU was directly involved in the negotiation process and has become a Contracting Party, alongside the EU Member States having ratified it. From the point of view of the EU law, the participation of the Union in the CRPD represents an example of conclusion of a mixed agreement. The EU’s ratification of the CRPD sets a positive precedent in public international law. In this light, new developments in the protection of the rights of disabled people could derive from the accession of other RIOs to the CRPD.

Збільшення кількості територій із надзвичайною гуманітарною ситуацією спричинені збройними конфліктами і їх тривалістю потребують досліджень з метою уточнення міжнародно-правової бази для проведення операцій з надання продовольчої допомоги, звертаючи увагу на зміни й практику в сфері прав людини, гуманітарного права, екологічного права та співробітництва в інтересах сталого розвитку. Тому в цій статті Автор аналізує загальні проблеми продовольчої допомоги на території збройних конфліктів, зосереджуючи увагу на конкретному прикладі, а саме – кризі у Східній Україні. Драматична ситуація, від якої потерпають деякі області України - де, починаючи з весни 2014 року, діють Світова продовольча програма (СПП), різноманітні інші міжнародні організації, Європейський Союз і деякі національні об’єднання з розвитку – підкреслює наскільки важливим є досягти чіткого розуміння всіх нормативних рівнів в сфері охорони і безпеки продовольчої допомоги.

The protection of the rights to work of persons with disabilities is since long a challenge for international community. However, it is only with Article 27 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities that a coherent and complete protection of persons with disabilities in the employment sphere has been foreseen. The present paper addresses this issue with the aim of highlighting both the obligations stemming for States Parties and the obligations stemming for EU Countries, in particular after the accession to the Convention by the latter. The paper, indeed, analyses the pivotal impact that the UN Convention has exercised on the EU rules applicable to the protection of the right to work of persons with disabilities, especially on those fixed in the 2000/78/EC Employment Equality Directive. The paper, hence, addresses the judicial enlargement provided by the Luxemburg Court as far as the notions of 'disability' and of 'reasonable accommodation' with the goal of aligning EU law with the UN Convention. Finally, the implementation of such provisions within main EU legal systems is also reviewed.

Cigarette smoke causes a broad range of diseases, many of which are fatal. Fortunately, the risk of serious disease diminishes rapidly after quitting and enduring abstinence is known to reduce the risk of lung cancer, heart disease, chronic lung disease, stroke and other cancers [1].