Institute of Mongolian Buddhist and Tibetan Studies

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the term t2ϋl2Is2, t2ϋl2s2 that attested in Old Turkic runic written monuments and also known in its parallels in texts in other languages are Chinese, Middle Persian, Khotanese-Saka, New Persian, vocalized until recently as Tölis or Töliš and considered regularly by scholars in connection with various historical communities of the steppe Eurasia. The authors of the article, based on the now correct interpretation of the Khotanese-Saka forms of this name made by the modern schlolar Chen Hao as reflected the original *Tüliš, i.e. with a narrow rounded vowel in the first syllable, examine issues related to the further transformation of its phonetic appearance, which can be reconstructed from other sources data. The article shows that only the Tuvan ethnic name Tülüš has a direct relation to the term noted in the Old Turkic period. Labialization of the second syllable vowel dates back to at least the first half of the 9th century, which is important for the historical dialectology of the Turkic languages. Any other different parallels (in particular, Middle Mongolic *Töɡeles > *Tö’eles > *Tö’öles and the both following ethnic names Tȫlӧs among the Altai people (Oirots) and Dȫlös or Tȫlös among the Kyrgyz) are based only on formal sound similarity and cannot be accepted for serious comparisons and further scientific constructions as false parallels

The impetus for the transformation of Mongolian legislation came with the formation of the MongolianPeople's Republic in 1924. Agrarian reforms, land nationalization, and the sedentary lifestyle of the Aratswere consequences of the agrarian-socialist model of development of the Mongolian state in the first half ofthe 20th century.This paper notes that the scientific literature does not pay sufficient attention to the provisions of the Lawof the Mongolian People's Republic “On Haymaking, Agriculture and Gardening” dated December 9, 1933.As a result, the paper analyzes the provisions of this regulatory legal act. The purpose of this scientific study is to determine the degree of originality of Mongolian legislation(using the example of the norms governing agriculture, haymaking and gardening) in the first half of the 20thcentury.Based on the results of the study, the author concludes that the special path of development of Mongolianlaw in the first half of the 20th century is due to the recognition of the independence of the Mongolian People'sRepublic, the implementation of a number of reforms and the transition of the Mongolian state to an agrariansocialist model of development, while maintaining its originality in the context of a combination of traditionalway of life with socialist principles.

Purpose . The author considers the verbs of the Mongolian languages characterizing the process of sexual intercourse. Due to the high degree of taboo of the topic under consideration, a large number of the verbs of Mongolian languages appeared in processes of the lexicalization of the figurative meaning of the word and the lexicalization of syntactic phrases. Results . The material of paper contains only two verbs formed using the affixal way of word formation. From the point of view of evaluative variation, euphemisms, dysphemisms, and orthophemisms can be distinguished among the verbs of the sphere under consideration. There are verbs with the initial semantics of impact, representing a semantic universal, are identified. The functioning of substitutive verbs in order to avoid communicative discomfort is noteworthy. The verbs of the field under consideration have nationally marked features due to the cultural originality of the speech culture and traditions of the Mongolian peoples. In particular, cases of the transfer of pastoral vocabulary into the sphere of relations between the sexes have been identified. The presence of a rich layer of imitative words in the Mongolian languages also makes it possible to skillfully conceal inappropriate forms. The analysis of words related to the sphere of intimate relations allowed us to conclude that their semantics contain both the universal and specific character of the mental world of native Mongolian speakers.

This paper provides the invariant of the trial motive in modern Buryat prose in the context of the folklore tradition. The trial motive is considered as a necessary element for ethnic selfidentification. The study explores the relationship between folklore traditions and modern literary narratives, as well as the role of collective memory in the formation of identity. The central problem studied in this research concerns the identity crisis, which is overcome through folklore motives, particularly the trial motive, and transformations in modern literature, thereby contributing to the preservation of national values and cultural heritage. The relevant of the research is to understand the processes of formation and strengthening of ethnic identity in the context of globalization through the study of the role of folklore motifs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of the folklore trial motive on the plot and structure of modern works by Buryat authors, and to determine the motive’s role in the formation of ethnic identity. The research material includes works of Buryat literature, containing “Precious” by Bolot Shiribazarov, “Once in Buryatia” by Aleksandr Erdyneev, and the novel “Aryana” by Svetlana Savelyeva. The results shows that the folklore trial motive is actively used in the comprehension and interpretation of modern Buryat literature. The folklore basis of the trial motive appears in tribal collectivism and historical connection, which helps solve the identity crisis. This motive contributes to understanding of modern social changes, reflecting the adaptation of traditions to new realities. This perspective opens opportunities for future research into the preservation of cultural identity and traditional knowledge.

Through the lens of memory practices and hagiographic representations (not only narrative, but also architectural), the article examines the lives and ongoing deification of three influential women who engaged in religious and healing activities during the Soviet suppression of religion in the Buddhist society of Kalmykia. Addressing questions of women’s empowerment in conservative religions facilitated by the state atheistic policy and persecution of monastics, I theorise the concept of “underground” as a socio-cultural space which allows for the emergence of female religious authority in the historically male-dominated Kalmyk Buddhist milieu, further reinforced by patriarchal social structures. The posthumous recognition of Soviet-era female religious practitioners as divine emanations, while a new, grassroots development for Kalmykia, can also be regarded as evolving into both an empowerment and an appropriation of these women and their memories by the Buddhist institution, or what we might consider an attempt to once again tame the “female underground”.

The article provides an overview of the current situation of China’s northern periphery — the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, regarding its economic dynamics, demographic parameters and current agenda. What is new is the consideration of the “strategic positioning” approach, when the region’s mission is defined in close connection with national interests. The author reveals the essence of the “five great tasks” assigned to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region by Xi Jinping: the creation of “two barriers”, “two bases” and “one bridgehead”. The first task — creating an “ecological barrier in the north of the country” — emphasizes the unique role of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the national environmental protection system. The second task — ensuring a barrier of security and stability — is based on the importance of maintaining national unity and tranquility on the northern borders. The third task — creating a national base of energy and strategically important resources — is associated with advanced practices in the production and supply of electricity, as well as deep processing of rare earth metals. The fourth task is aimed at creating a base for the production of agricultural products to ensure China’s food security. And the fifth task is to build a "bridgehead for opening up to the North", stimulating close cooperation with northern neighbors. Understanding the internal processes in adjacent to Russian regions China’s Inner Mongolia is extremely important for building international ties. Particular attention should be paid to the task of "openness to the North", which is gaining new impetus with the activation of Russia's "turn to the East". The counter movement of these strategies, coupled with the Mongolian "New Revival Policy", create favorable conditions for the construction of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor.

This article considers a number of lexemes used to express premonition in Mongolic languages in order to identify, if possible, the motives of nomination and their connection with the psychophysiological state of a person who has a premonition of something, in most cases bad. The word ǰöng assumes the “voicing” of a feeling of anxiety comparable to an internal buzz. It indicates the syncretism of the semantics of linguistic units, semantic features, which motivate metaphorical and metonymic transfers to intermodal spheres. It demonstrates the phenomenon of synesthesia in the field of designating physical sensations. In the word iru-a, the leading role in the nomination is given to the trembling of the tongue at the moment of articulation of the sonant [r], which conveys disturbing sensations, mainly localized in the thoracic part. In the word belge, there was probably a metonymic transfer from the meaning of ‘sign as a material object’ to ‘sign, omen’. Research in this way allows deeper understanding the importance of the system of interpretation of sensory information transmitted through various sensations in the body.

The article examines the specifities of using elements of genealogical legends in the historical chronicles of Khori buryats written the 19th-20th centuries. The materials of the study are the texts of seven chronicles dedicated to the history of the Khori ethnic group. Structural and intertextual analysis, as well as the study of the phenomenon of historical memory by J. Assmann are used as a methodological basis for the study. It has been established that there are two main trends in the inclusion of genealogical plots in the narrative canvas of chronicle works: at the very beginning, where the images of Bargu-Bator and Khoridoy are sacralised, marking the beginning of the history of the Khori people, and placing the plot after the story about the dynasty of Tibetan and Mongolian rulers, where the founders are presented as real historical figures, and the plots themselves are a link between the history of the Khori people and the Indo-Tibetan (Buddhist) and Mongolian world. There is a high variability in the image of Bargu-Bator: he can be presented as a person connected with Mongolia (a dignitary of the Mongolian ruler, "Mongolian", originally from Mongolia), or as someone strong, powerful, without any additional designations of his ethnic or territorial affiliation. The image of Bargu-Bator also influences the plot component of the work. Cyclisation based on genealogical plots about Bargu-Bator and Khoridoy is the common core of all the Khori chronicles, and their images are symbols of identity and reference points for this ethnic group. Through folklore legends, the chronicles implement ideas either about the historical connection of the Khori group with the Buddhist world, or their exceptional independence.