Islamic Azad University Maybod

The concept of separation of powers is one of the most fundamental theories in public law in the world, which plays a key role in limiting and controlling political power. The entry of this concept into contemporary Iran began mainly with the developments of the constitutional period and the influence of Western ideas, especially the theories of Montesquieu. Throughout Iran's contemporary history, the separation of powers has always been accompanied by localisation and adaptation to the country's social, cultural and religious structures. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, this theory is not only considered in the constitution, but is also linked to concepts such as the guardianship of the jurist and the supervision of the Guardian Council. And it has been implemented in a specific way. This research aims to examine how the concept of separation of powers entered contemporary Iran and analyze its role in the country's political order. It also attempts to critique and examine the impact of this concept on the structure and interactions of the three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial), emphasizing its compatibility with concepts such as the Guardianship of the Judiciary and the supervision of the Guardian Council in the Islamic Republic. The overall goal of the research is to analyze the localization of this concept and evaluate its strengths and challenges in the Iranian political order. To examine the role of the separation of powers in the Islamic Republic system, a comparative and analytical study was used and an attempt was made to examine the relations between the three branches of government and the impact of institutional oversight such as the Guardian Council and the Supreme Leader on the structure of the separation of powers. The findings showed that the role of the separation of powers in the sphere of contemporary Iranian political order can be observed in the functioning of the branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) and their interactions. These interactions are often accompanied by the supervision of institutions such as the Guardian Council and the Leadership, which sometimes leads to interference or actual limitation of the powers of each branch, and indicates a specific localized form of separation of powers in the structure of the Islamic Republic. In general, the process of entry and role-creation of this concept plays a fundamental role in regulating the relations between power institutions and maintaining balance in the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

ObjectiveThe Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA) is involved in many cellular functions, and changes in its activity and expression have been linked to various diseases, including cancer. This study aims to investigate the potential anti-tumor effect of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent sodium channel blocker extracted from the pufferfish Chelonodon patoca, on nude mice (Balb/c nu) induced with breast cancer (4T1) to determine whether it can affect the activity of the NKA.MethodsTTX was extracted using 2% acetic acid–methanol (v/v). To determine the lethal concentration of TTX, three concentrations of the TTX extract (1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 mg/kg) were injected into transgenic mice that had already been induced by the 4T1 cell line and bearing tumors. After 7–8 weeks of monitoring tumor volume, the mice were killed, and a portion of the tumors was fixed in Bouin’s fixative for immunohistological analysis, while the rest was frozen for biochemical analysis.ResultsBiometric analysis of Balb/c nu mice indicated a notable reduction in tumor volume progression in the group subjected to TTX extract compared to the control group. Furthermore, immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis demonstrated a decrease in the intensity and activity of NKA in the TTX extract group compared to the control group.ConclusionOur results indicate that TTX extract may have anti-tumor effects by inhibiting NKA activity. Therefore, considering the presence of TTX in the pufferfish extract, TTX could be a promising therapeutic candidate for controlling metastatic breast tumor growth and metastasis through NKA inhibition.

Thin films of NiO were deposited on steel and glass substrates by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique. The structural analysis of the films was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrumentation. The grain size and surface morphology of the films were measured using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The surface characteristics, monofractal, and multifractal properties were investigated through the utilization of atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. The findings indicated that the surface roughness of the NiO thin film on steel (Sq = 177.26 nm) was greater than that of the glass substrate (Sq = 141.13 nm). The surface complexity of the NiO film on glass is greater than that on the steel. The fractal dimension (Df) of the films on glass and steel was calculated to be 2.53 and 2.42, respectively.

The confiscation and seizure of assets derived from bribery is considered one of the most important legal and criminal tools in the fight against financial corruption. Beyond its punitive function, this measure plays a preventive role in reducing the economic incentives to commit crimes. In the Islamic jurisprudential system, the principle of "the prohibition of consuming property through wrongful means" serves as the foundation for the legitimacy of confiscating illicit assets. Shiite jurists emphasize the necessity of returning assets obtained through financial corruption to their rightful owner or to the public treasury. In Iran's legal system, various laws—including the Islamic Penal Code, the Anti-Money Laundering Act, and the Law on the Promotion of Administrative Health—have established mechanisms for the confiscation of illicit property. However, at the implementation stage, several challenges arise, including the difficulty of distinguishing between licit and illicit assets, legal shortcomings, weak financial oversight, and prolonged judicial proceedings. Comparative analysis reveals that in many advanced legal systems, such as those of France and the United Kingdom, independent agencies exist to manage confiscated assets, and international cooperation for the repatriation of illicit assets to the country of origin is effectively carried out. In Iran, the absence of such mechanisms has, in some cases, resulted in the retention of assets derived from financial corruption by the perpetrators. This article, by examining the jurisprudential and legal foundations of asset confiscation and comparing them with international standards, emphasizes the need for legal reform, strengthening of financial oversight, acceleration of judicial procedures, and the establishment of independent institutions for managing seized assets, in order to enhance the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies in the country.

Image segmentation plays a crucial role in various computer vision applications, and thresholding is a commonly used technique. An image can be effectively segmented into distinct regions by selecting appropriate threshold levels. Evolutionary algorithms have been widely employed to automate the process of determining optimal thresholds. This paper proposes a novel approach utilizing the Sailfish algorithm to select suitable thresholds by defining an objective function tailored for image segmentation tasks. Random threshold values within the image are considered members of the initial population in this algorithm. The objective is to iteratively refine and extract optimal threshold values through the execution of the Sailfish algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that this proposed method achieves higher accuracy and performance than traditional approaches in detecting object edges and boundaries.