Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch

As renewable energy sources and energy storage systems (ESS) become more common, effective energy management is increasingly important. Grid operators are exploring systems like power-to-gas (P2G), which convert surplus electricity from renewables or batteries into gas that can be sold back to the gas grid. The integration of distributed gas production systems and P2G creates a complex relationship between electricity and gas networks, requiring a practical approach to energy management and profit optimization. This research focuses on optimizing integrated energy systems to identify the most efficient solutions. Effective demand-side management is essential for optimal power grid operation, as it can reduce peak loads and improve profits. This paper introduces a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model to jointly optimize electricity and gas networks, incorporating distributed generation, P2G systems, storage, electric vehicles (EVs), and demand-side management. To address computational challenges, the study uses the Meerkat Optimization Algorithm (MOA). The proposed model is tested on a 33-bus distribution network, showing its effectiveness in different scenarios. Key results include: 1) demand-side management reduces peak loads on the grid, 2) renewable energy and batteries help convert excess electricity into gas for market sale, and 3) distributed generation lowers energy purchases from the upstream grid, leading to a 32 % cost reduction.Index terms: Evolutionary algorithm, joined systems, P2G, gas grid, energy system.

Abstract Combining synthetic and natural polymers to increase stability, biocompatibility, and targeted drug delivery, lipid–polymer hybrid nanocapsules (LPHNCs) mark a development in cancer treatment. Notably, LPHNCs reduce long‐term toxicity through biodegradable components. In this study, nanocapsules (NCs) with doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX) were developed to specifically target breast cancer cells with folate receptors. For in vitro targeting studies, the NCs were functionalized with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and folic acid (FA). This study discusses the differential characteristics of PTX inside the lipophilic matrix and DOX within the hydrophobic polymeric core to maximize bioavailability and therapeutic precision via the single encapsulation of PTX and DOX. The structural and chemical characteristics of the NCs were investigated via DLS, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, PL spectroscopy, FESEM, and TEM. Moreover, the characteristics of encapsulation, release, and cytotoxicity were examined. The biological functioning was evaluated via MTT assays, revealing a concentration‐ and time‐dependent cytotoxic reaction. From 24 to 48 h, the IC 50 values showed a twofold drop, suggesting a stronger pharmacodynamic effect. Both preparations remained biocompatible at sub‐cytotoxin levels (<20 µg/mL). These findings highlight the opportunities of LPHNCs as a flexible nanoplatform to optimize solubility, bioavailability, and controlled release for improved oncological usage.

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with a modest opioid effect similar to morphine and codeine, but less potent; it is mainly prescribed for the treatment of mild to moderate pain. Tramadol exhibits both opioid and non-opioid properties, primarily affecting the central nervous system. Accordingly, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of tramadol on female reproductive function and ovarian toxicity, as well as to examine oocyte survival and follicular development in mice exposed to tramadol. Mice were treated with tramadol at 50 mg/kg daily for 3 weeks. Blood levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone were measured. The ovaries of the mice were subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular studies. Our results revealed that tramadol provoked ovarian atrophy by inducing oxidative stress, while also decreasing oocyte survival and impairing follicular development. Although further research is necessary, the findings indicate that tramadol could reduce fertility in female mice.