Issyk-Kul State University

The article examines the fates and ideological legacy of A. Sydykov and Zh. Abdrakhmanov - prominent representatives of the Kyrgyz political elite who played a key role in the revolutionary events and in shaping the foundations of socialism in Kyrgyzstan during the 1920s. Along with other leaders of Kyrgyz statehood, these outstanding figures made a significant contribution to the long-awaited achievement of statehood by the Kyrgyz people. Special attention is given to the participation of Sydykov and Abdrakhmanov in the establishment of Soviet power, the formation of a new type of statehood, and the creation of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Region and later the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (KASSR). Although during the era of Stalinist totalitarianism they were accused of nationalism and espionage, historical reevaluation has proven their genuine patriotism and devotion to the interests of the people. The authors trace parallels in their biographies: both came from a bai-manap (noble) background, received education in Russian schools, and sought professional development, but were forced to interrupt their studies for various climatic and social reasons. Sydykov and Abdrakhmanov found their true calling in the revolutionary struggle and in the work of building a new statehood. Drawing on diary entries, articles, letters, and appeals to J. Stalin and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the authors seek to reveal the inner world of these figures — their patriotism, devotion to their homeland, and concern for ordinary people. Despite the ambiguity of some of their actions, the main justification for their activity lies in the fact that they dedicated their lives to serving the Kyrgyz people and the idea of national revival.

BACKGROUND: Concentration of fungal spores in the air often exceeds concentration of pollen 100–1,000 fold, reaching 50,000 fungal spores/m3, which is affected by a plethora of environmental factors including precipitation, temperature and wind. Pigmented spores of Cladosporium and Alternaria are prevalent in habitats of the most regions, since colorless spores do not survive ultraviolet radiation. Aerospores are often considered an underestimated source of respiratory allergies, therefore, information on their seasonal trends is significant for both promoting public awareness and assisting medical specialists in effective diagnostics, prevention and treatment of fungal diseases. AIM: To analyze the annual spore index, seasonality and threshold concentrations of dominant fungal spores Cladosporium and Alternaria in the air of Karakol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aerobiological monitoring was carried out from April to October 2015–2017 using a standardized volumetric Lanzoni pollen trap in the city of Karakol (1716 m above sea level, mid-mountain). A specially developed identifier and atlas were used for microscopic identification of fungal spores. RESULTS: The concentration curve of dominant Cladosporium and Alternaria fungal spores in the air of Karakol is unimodal with often overlapping quantitative characteristics. Simultaneously, strong interannual variability of their atmospheric levels was observed, exhibiting dependance on meteorological parameters, especially temperature and precipitation. The maximum peak of Cladosporium aerospores was recorded on June 30, 2017 — 12,386, and Alternaria — 5,376 fungal spores/m3 in an extremely dry year (July 28, 2015). Peak concentrations of Cladosporium and Alternaria fungal spores drastically exceeded clinical threshold values in the air. CONCLUSION: Cladosporium and Alternaria aerospores are recognized as dominant taxa, due to their phytopathogenic and allergenic properties and their predominance in the atmosphere of Karakol for long periods of time. The curve of their spore concentration is unimodal. Variations in the concentration of aerospores in different years positively correlated with air temperature, especially in the 3rd ten-day period of July 2015, when the maximum peak of spores consisted of 56 % Cladosporium and 13.5 % Alternaria spores and the highest air temperature was recorded (33.5 °С).

The paper presents the results of researches of the concentration of chemical elements and natural radionuclide in the environmental objects of the Kara-Balta transboundary river basin (adjacent territories of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). The level of contamination of floodplain soils and bottom sediments of the Kara-Balta River with such chemical elements as U, Sb, As, Th, Pb, Sc, Co, Cu, Mo, Zn, V, Sr, Ba, Cs was established. Based on the calculated indicators of the contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), it was found that Sb, As and Br make the largest contribution to soil and bottom sediment pollution in the Kara-Balta water basin. At three checkpoints, an increased concentrations of U, B, Li, Sr, Mo were found in the water samples of the region’s reservoirs, which is related to the influence of the tailings of the Kara-Balta mining plant. The elevated concentrations of As, B, Ba, Co, Mn, Sb, V, and Zn were also established around the mouth of the Kara-Balta River, which flows into the Tasotkel reservoir (Kazakhstan). The results of the research can be explained by the fact that a significant part of the Kara-Balta transboundary river basin is located in the zone of a uranium natural–technogenic province.

A distributed electrical network (DEN) with a voltage of 0.4 kV operating in an unsymmetric mode is considered as an object of automated control. The problem of identification of places and control of unauthorized power take-offs (UPTO) in the DEN in the conditions of functioning of the automated system of control and accounting of electricity (ACMSE) is formulated. The primary source information for its solution is the data obtained from the head and subscriber electricity meters by synchronized remote measurements at discrete points in time. This problem belongs to the class of problems in which there is significant uncertainty about the current state of the object under study and the parameters of external disturbing influences, which are unauthorized consumers of electricity. Under these conditions, the primary measurement data on the characteristics of the network subscribers’ loads received from the counters of the automated system and recorded in its database are insufficient to solve the problem under consideration. In this regard, in order to reduce the level of uncertainty and obtain additional necessary information about the state of the object, the concept of a virtual DEN model is introduced into consideration, designed to describe its desired state, which is determined by the absence of these external random disturbances in the network. A new method for solving the formulated problem is proposed, based on the concept of a virtual DEN model. The conditions for identifying the current state of the DEN have been obtained. For this purpose, the desired input phase currents of the virtual network are determined by introducing equivalent complex resistances of certain parts of the three-phase network. The vectors of the effective values of currents and voltages on the loads of subscribers and inter-subscriber sections of the virtual network are identified. Criterion functions are introduced that determine the deviations of the corresponding components of the stress vectors on the loads of subscribers of the real DEN and its virtual model. Based on these functions, an identification criterion and an algorithm for monitoring unauthorized power take-offs in a three-phase distributed network are formulated. The obtained results are oriented for the creation of algorithmic and special software for the subsystem of automated control of UPTO as part of the ACMSE.

Background Candida auris is an emerging multidrug‐resistant pathogen in intensive care settings (ICU). During the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) pandemic, ICU admissions were overwhelmed, possibly contributing to the C. auris outbreak in COVID‐19 patients.ObjectivesThe present systematic review addresses the prevalence, underlying diseases, iatrogenic risk factors, treatment and outcome of C. auris infections in COVID‐19 patients.MethodsMEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and LitCovid databases were systematically searched with appropriate keywords from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021.ResultsA total of 97 cases of C. auris were identified in COVID‐19 patients. The pooled prevalence of C. auris infections (encompassing candidemia and non‐candidemia cases) in COVID‐19 patients was 14%. The major underlying diseases were diabetes mellitus (42.7%), hypertension (32.9%) and obesity (14.6%), followed by the iatrogenic risk factors such as a central venous catheter (76.8%%), intensive care unit (ICU) stay (75.6%) and broad‐spectrum antibiotic usage (74.3%). There were no significant differences in underlying disease and iatrogenic risk factors among C. auris non‐candidemia/colonisation and C. auris candidemia cases. The mortality rate of the total cohort is 44.4%, whereas, in C. auris candidemia patients, the mortality was 64.7%.ConclusionThis study shows that the prevalence of C. auris infections remains unchanged in the COVID‐19 pandemic. Hospital‐acquired risk factors may contribute to the clinical illness. Proper infection control practices and hospital surveillance may stop future hospital outbreaks during the pandemic.

The article shows the results of aerobiological monitoring of Karakol in 2016 — leading spectrum of plant pollen and fungal spores. The purpose of these studies is to control the qualitative and quantitative composition of pollen rain, to study the patterns of its formation, the features of the seasonal dynamics of dusting of individual taxa. In 2016 pollen from 32 plant taxa and 18 fungal spore taxa were present in the air. The studies were carried out using a volumetric method using a Lanzoni s. r. l. certified apparatus. The sequence and timing of the presence of pollen and spore taxa in 2016 are described in detail, taking into account its maximum daily values and total amounts. It has been established that the spectrum includes many well-known and widespread allergenic species: deciduous and coniferous trees, weeds, cereals. Aeromycological data of the leading and less significant fungal spores showed that along with known allergens, many phytopathogens of a number of cultivated crops fell out.

The article discusses the issue of a comprehensive analysis of the animal world, presented in the epic "Manas", as one of the scientific problems. Along with the figurative system in the epic, the diverse world of animals is widely represented. One of the branches of totemism is made up of animals that cannot be avoided. Not only their individual images are given, but also their diverse functional properties are revealed. An attempt is made to define and analyze the totemic properties of animals in the epic "Manas" in the versions of the narrators of the epic S.Karalaev, S.Orozbakov.

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The Soviet Union had a unique system to control plague (causative agent, Yersinia pestis) and other “especially dangerous diseases.” This system continues to exist in many of the countries of the former Soviet Union, although with more limited funding. One of the key activities of the antiplague system is to look for the causative agent of plague in its natural reservoirs in the environment. This article is an account of an antiplague expedition that took place in the mountains of eastern Kyrgyzstan near the Chinese border. It describes the work conducted and the biosafety and biosecurity practices employed. During the 40-day expedition: A field laboratory was established; known Y. pestis reservoirs such as gray marmots were trapped and analyzed for plague using serological, bacteriological, and biological methods; information on the populations of rodents and their ectoparasites was gathered; and gray marmot burrows were treated with insecticide intended to kill the fleas and so control plague. An area of 800 km2 was investigated, and a total of 321 rodents analyzed. Y. pestis was found in the region for the first time since 1983. The laboratory and biosafety practices employed were determined by Kyrgyz government regulations, which are largely based on Soviet regulations and practices. Some of these practices might be considered dated in the West. However, the apparent lack of infections acquired as a result of this work, over a period of many years, would suggest that the safety procedures are effective.

The optical properties of a biaxial absorbing KGd(WO4)2:Nd3+ crystal have been investigated. The main refractive indices were measured in the visible spectral range and the absorption and transmission spectra of samples of these crystals were studied. The changes in the refractive indices were in the region of the absorption bands with the use of the Kramers-Kronig relation. Conoscopic pictures of this crystal in the regions of transparency and absorption bands were calculated and are presented.