Iteris (United States)

An important advantage of fiber optic sensors is their ability to provide passive sensing of a wide range of physical fields. In an intrinsic fiber optic sensor, the modulation of the optical carrier induced by the measurand field occurs while the light remains guided within the fiber. Intrinsic distributed sensors are particularly attractive for use in applications where monitoring of a single measurand is required at a large number of points or continuously over the path of the fiber. The measurement of strain in fibers embedded in composite materials is an interesting application for distributed sensing techniques based on localized fiber loss. Multiplexing is the simultaneous transmission of two or more information channels along a common path, in this case an optical fiber. This chapter describes a number of different sensor network architectures or system topologies based on time, frequency, and coherence multiplexing.

Field research was conducted at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln South Central Agricultural Laboratory (SCAL) located near Clay Center, NE, in the growing seasons of 2011 to 2014. A partial economic analysis was conducted for maize (Zea mays L.) at nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments of 0, 84, 140, 196, and 252 kg ha−1 under full irrigation (FIT), limited irrigation (75% FIT), and rainfed settings for all growing seasons and then compared to crop water productivity (CWP) measured as crop water use efficiency (CWUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). Nitrogen fertilizer increased CWUE and IWUE in all growing seasons. The CWUE values ranged from 0.90 to 2.81 kg m−3 and the IWUE values ranged from −1.01 to 3.24 kg m−3. Operational costs and net income varied among treatments and across years. Irrigation and N fertilizer rate had an interacting effect (P0.05<0.05) on both gross and net income in 2011, 2012, and 2013. Net income was maximized under rainfed settings with a N fertilizer rate between 140 (dry year) to 196 kg ha−1(wet year); in contrast, the optimal N fertilizer rate under irrigated conditions was 196 kg ha−1. Positive relationships were observed between relative net income (RNI) and CWUE with R2 values of 0.72, 0.87, and 0.84 for rainfed, 75% FIT, and FIT, respectively, as well as between RNI and IWUE with an R2 value of 0.96 for 75% FIT and 0.86 for FIT. Lower CWUE and IWUE values were associated with lower RNI. With consideration to CWUE, IWUE, and partial factor productivity of N, full irrigation management is recommended under non-water-limiting conditions and limited/deficit irrigation management strategies (e.g., 75% FIT) under water-limiting conditions, with N fertilizer rate not exceeding 196 kg ha−1 to achieve a high economic return for the study area.

Core Ideas Water erosion did not increase after one season of grazing, but it significantly increased after seven seasons of grazing. Baling increased water erosion and its effects were larger than grazing. Water erosion increased as residue cover decreased. A better understanding of the implications of corn ( Zea mays L.) residue grazing and baling on soil and environmental quality is needed to develop sustainable integrated crop–livestock production systems. We studied how corn residue grazing and baling impacted water erosion in a rainfed and an irrigated site in Nebraska after one and seven grazing seasons, respectively. Treatments were grazing (4.4 animal unit mo [AUM] ha −1 ), baling, and control (no residue removal) in triplicate at the rainfed site on a Yutan silty clay loam (6% slope) and light grazing (2.5 AUM ha −1 ), heavy grazing (5 AUM ha −1 ), baling, and control in duplicate at the irrigated site on Duroc loam and Satanta loam (5.3% slope). We measured erosion under simulated rainfall for 30 min at an intensity of 6.3 ± 1.2 cm h −1 . Erosion did not increase after one season of grazing at the rainfed site, but it significantly increased after seven seasons of grazing at the irrigated site. At this site, both heavy and light grazing increased runoff by 3.3 mm and sediment loss by 0.26 Mg ha −1 . Baling had larger effects on water erosion than grazing. Across both sites, baling reduced time to runoff start by 14 min and increased runoff by 13 mm and sediment loss by 2.7 Mg ha −1 . While grazing after seven seasons increased nutrient loss, baling caused larger nutrient losses at both sites. Overall, grazing caused runoff losses of sediment, C, and nutrients in the long term, but baling consistently increased such losses in both short and long term.

Shaw, Carol A. MSN, RN; Longo, M. Anne PhD, MBA, RN-BC, NEA-BCEditor(s): Deck, Michele L. MEd, BSN, RN, LCCE, FACCE Author Information

This paper summarizes the software design within the GLITS (Great Lakes ITS) I-75 Freeway and Arterial Integration project. The GLITS I-75 Project was a pilot project of the Integrated Corridor Management (ICM) aimed at coordinating freeway and arterial operations to quickly release freeway bottlenecks by optimizing the parallel arterial road's capability to accommodate traffic diversion from the freeway. This software framework links two different types of traffic management systems (freeway and arterial) and smoothly integrates corresponding functions together, minimizing the changes of their existing architectures. The paper will include the following aspects: 1) Functions requested to coordinate the freeway and arterial operations within GLITS I-75 Project; 2) Existing software architecture analysis for both freeway management and arterial management; 3) Concept of the collaborative software framework; and 4) GLITS I-75 Project software design summary.

In this paper, a peer-to-peer coordination algorithm is developed to provide robustness to multi-robot missions, in the context of exploring unknown environments. The validation, analysis and design of the coordination algorithm require formal modeling methodologies. We propose a stochastic Petri net (SPN) based method to analyze and design efficient peer-to-peer coordination algorithms. By running the Petri net model, optimized parameters are obtained to improve the efficiency of the multi-robot team. Peri Net simulation and algorithm implementation have validated the proposed algorithm

This paper summarizes the authors' practical experiences in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Integration, a key issue in ITS deployment. Concept of ITS integration levels of integration, system architecture for integration, and integration implementation are discussed. Finally, the paper attempts to provide recommendations at the strategic level for China ITS improvements, in particular including general considerations to ensure the success of ITS Integration in China.

The dynamics of robots are characterized as multi-degree-of-freedom and nonlinear. Relatively few control algorithms have been implemented in real-time applications where one must consider: unmodeled dynamics, robustness, noise, stiction, backlash, actuator nonlinearity, saturation, time varying effects, power usage, computational requirements, and development cost. This paper describes the experimental results of a nonlinear control algorithm (inverse dynamics feedforward with feedback compensation) that was implemented in a high speed robotic system to see how the controller dealt with those issues. The controller was used in an electric autoloader (robot) for the Army's M109 155 mm self propelled howitzer. The function of the autoloader was to retrieve projectiles and propellant from a storage magazine and load them into the gun at a high rate. In this application, control of the autoloader was complicated by the large masses that had to be actuated from one place to another in a very short time (less than 1 second) to fire 4 rounds in 20 seconds. This paper also describes the technical considerations in developing the robotic autoloader to achieve high speed and accuracy, the manipulator control system, and the special hardware that was built to handle the computational and electrical power requirements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

One of the more remarkable properties of the primate visual system is color constancy, the perception of the actual color of a scene independent of the spectral composition of the scene illumination. In this paper we presented one approach to color constancy based on the intensity dependent summation (IDS) filter. IDS is an adaptive filter that displays many of the spatial and frequency domain characteristics of the human visual system including Mach Bands. Our approach utilizes Mach Bands generated by the filter at edges to recover the ratio of reflectances across adjacent boundaries. A diffusion process then generates a multispectral reconstruction of the image.