Jingdezhen University

Retrograde transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is essential for intracellular trafficking, yet its molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. In Fusarium graminearum, 10 Rab GTPases associated with the Golgi-associated retrograde protein (GARP) complex were identified through immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry (IP-MS). Among these, only the deletion of FgRAB6 disrupted the proper localisation of the GARP complex to the TGN. FgRab6 directly interacts with the GARP subunit FgVps52 via a conserved Q73 residue, which is critical for fungal growth and pathogenicity. Notably, this Q73-dependent interaction is evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotic species. Upon GTP activation, FgRab6 recruits FgVps52 to the TGN, thereby facilitating the assembly of the GARP complex through the sequential recruitment of additional subunits, including FgVps51, FgVps53 and FgVps54. The fully assembled GARP complex subsequently recruits the retromer complex and ensures the precise localisation of the SNARE proteins FgSnc1, FgTlg1 and FgTlg2 at the endosomes and the TGN. Disruption of this pathway severely compromises fungal development and virulence. Collectively, these findings identify a FgRab6-GARP-retromer-coordinated vesicle trafficking pathway that mediates the retrograde transport of SNARE proteins, which is critical for the pathogenicity of F. graminearum. This work provides new mechanistic insights into vesicular transport and highlights potential targets for antifungal intervention.

In this work, experimental studies were conducted on the damage failure of laminated composite laminates under low-velocity impact and compressive failure behavior under compression after impact. The study primarily investigated the effects of stitch density, impact energy, and laminate thickness on the damage behavior of composite laminates. The experimental results indicate that at impact energies of 10 J, 15 J, and 20 J, the stitched specimens demonstrated higher impact resistance. When the stitch density was 10 × 10 mm, the average maximum impact force of the stitched specimens increased by 13.14%, 15.83%, and 21.48%, respectively, compared to the unstitched specimens. This was mainly attributed to the resin threads formed by the stitches, which enhance the through-thickness strength of the laminate, with the strengthening effect being positively correlated with stitch density. Under 20 J, the strength of the three groups of specimens with different stitching densities increased by 9.24%, 14.58%, and 21.48%, respectively, compared to the unstitched specimens. Under lower impact energies, the bending stiffness of the laminate itself was sufficient to resist the impact force, resulting in minimal differences in residual displacement among different specimens. Furthermore, the study found that under identical impact energy, stitch thread significantly suppressed delamination damage in thin specimens, whereas its effect on thick specimens was comparatively limited. The stitching also had a positive effect on the residual compressive strength of the specimens. Under 20 J impact energy, compared to the unstitched specimens, the residual compressive strength of the three groups of stitched specimens increased by 6.52%, 17.71%, and 27.48%, respectively. The mode of compression after impact failure also differed: unstitched laminated specimens mainly exhibited delamination damage, with cracks propagating along the width direction, while stitched laminated specimens demonstrated strength failure. Under axial compression, stress was released at the stitching points, leading to small-scale cracks along the fiber direction at these locations. Overall, the stitching process effectively enhances the impact resistance of laminated boards. Higher stitching density correlates with greater compressive residual strength, with this effect being more pronounced in thin-plate specimens.

Dielectric ceramic capacitors with ultrahigh power density have become indispensable in modern power electronics, yet the persistent challenge of achieving superior energy density with high energy efficiency remains a critical bottleneck for practical applications. Herein, we propose an effective non-polar nanocluster confinement strategy through phase-field simulation-guided design of high-entropy (Bi0.2Na0.2Ba0.2Sr0.2Ca0.2)(Ti1-xSnx)O3 lead-free relaxor ferroelectrics. The incorporation of Sn4+ ions with low ionic polarizability leads to the formation of localized non-ferroelectric perovskite units, which constitute robust non-polar nanoclusters, being further stabilized and rendered immobile against electric fields by the substantial local random fields inherent to the high-entropy configuration. Consequently, these engineered non-polar nanoclusters serve as effective pinning centers to impede the merging and growth of polar nanodomains under electric fields, thereby reconciling the inherent conflict between polarization enhancement and hysteresis reduction. The optimized composition (x = 0.06) exhibits a high recoverable energy density of ~18.5 J·cm-3 together with an ultrahigh energy efficiency of ~92.4% in multilayer ceramic capacitors, representing a competitive combination among lead-free counterparts. This approach not only establishes a viable paradigm for next-generation energy storage dielectrics but also provides fundamental insights for designing functional materials with tailored electrical properties.

Abstract This paper experimentally investigates the unsteady cavitation flow characteristics around two types of three-dimensional twisted hydrofoils, namely NACA0009 and Clark-y. It focuses on analyzing the evolution of cavity morphology with cavitation number and its correlation with the flow field structure. The results show that as the cavitation number decreases, the cavity size of both hydrofoils increases, but the cavitation development of the Clark-y hydrofoil is more sensitive to changes in the cavitation number. Flow field measurements indicate that the leading-edge velocity distribution of the NACA0009 hydrofoil results in better cavity attachment and more stable development. In contrast, the Clark-y hydrofoil has a larger cavity size, a wider low-velocity region at the trailing edge, and stronger unsteadiness under low cavitation numbers. These findings demonstrate that the cross-sectional shape of the hydrofoil dominates the unsteady characteristics of cavitation by influencing the leading-edge flow field.

Fabricating an inexpensive and efficient electrocatalyst for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an alkaline medium is crucial for renewable energy generation. In this work, nickel foam (NF) modified with few-layer or single-layer MXene (S-MXene) was used as a substrate to prepare an independent, self-supporting composite electrode for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysis. CoFe bimetallic MOF nanosheets were grown in situ on composite substrates by electrodeposition. Compared to multilayer MXene, S-MXene has a larger specific surface area and interlayer spacing, making it an ideal material for enhancing the conductivity of the electrode or serving as a supporting matrix. As an intermediate material, S-MXene can not only reduce the charge transfer resistance of the electrode and improve the active sites but also enhance the structural stability of the electrode, significantly improving the catalytic activity and long-term electrolysis stability of the electrode. The improved CoFe NSs@S-MXene/NF composite electrode delivers a current density of 10 mA cm–2 at a low overpotential value of only 191 mV in 1.0 M KOH, along with an ultralow Tafel slope of 31 mV dec–1. Additionally, the composite electrode exhibits outstanding stability for 24 h during OER at various current densities. This work innovatively uses S-MXene as a base material and develops a highly efficient new type of OER electrode. This novel strategy can serve as a reference for the modification of other electrode materials and expand the application of MXene in the field of water splitting.