Kabardino-Balkarian State University

The article is devoted to the study of the organization of the pedagogical courses in the Caucasus in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The relevance of the research lies in the need to study the experience of teacher training in conditions of personnel shortage in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Short-term pedagogical courses have become an important tool for solving this problem. However, their organization in the Caucasian Educational District is still poorly understood. The purpose of the article is to analyze the organization of the pedagogical courses in the Caucasus at the end of the 19th century and determine their significance for the formation of a regional teacher training system. The objectives of the research are to identify the socio-historical and managerial prerequisites for the creation of pedagogical courses; to analyze their structure, content and forms of organization of the educational process; to determine the role of these courses in the formation of the teacher training system and the development of the pedagogical community of the region. The scientific novelty of the article is expressed in the analysis of the historical circumstances of the organization of the pedagogical courses as a phenomenon combining practical orientation, applied nature and educational tasks. It is concluded that pedagogical courses have become a transitional form between spontaneous teacher training and an institutionalized system of pedagogical seminaries and institutes. Their experience anticipated the emergence of teachers’ congresses as a new form of professional consolidation. This gives the study additional importance for understanding the processes of teacher education formation in 19th-century Russia. The practical significance of the work is to expand the understanding of state policy in the field of public education in the outskirts of the Russian Empire. The results obtained can be used in further studies of the history of education, as well as in works on the study of the policy of the Russian Empire on the national outskirts.

Despite the changing information landscape, the global agenda continues to be integrated into the strategic development planning systems of states and regions. However, its impact on the planning and forecasting systems at the municipal level is unclear. The main potential for sustainable development in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic may lie in its resources, such as human capital, investment attractiveness, and land availability. This article summarizes the interim results of scientific research aimed at developing a mechanism for managing regional sustainable development (using the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic as an example) based on identifying and developing the resource potential of municipalities. The objective of the study is to analyze and assess the sustainable development potential of municipalities in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. In the course of the study, the author substantiated a set of tasks that will enable the development of best practices for sustainable regional development based on the implementation of a harmonious goal-setting system for strategic planning. The study utilized a systems approach and employed methods of synthesis, structural-logical analysis, generalization, logical approaches to information processing, graphical interpretation of data, and semantic reconstruction of sources. Municipalities in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic were monitored and ranked based on their performance in key indicators, namely: human capital; fixed capital investment (excluding small businesses and investments not directly observable by statistical methods); fixed capital investment (excluding budget funds) per capita; and land area. This allowed us to substantiate strategies for improving the Republic’s socioeconomic status. Using human capital, fixed capital investment, and land resources (available area) in municipalities as indicators offers significant potential for creating conditions for sustainable development and effective strategic planning for territorial development in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic.

The relevance of this work is determined by the extremely high prevalence of essential hypertension and its contribution to cardiovascular mortality, disability, and economic burden. Despite the widespread use of agents targeting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, the sympathetic nervous system, and water–salt balance, uncontrolled or resistant elevation of blood pressure persists in a substantial proportion of patients, along with progressive target organ damage. This indicates the limitations of classical neurohumoral concepts and necessitates the search for new pathogenetic targets, particularly in the context of increasing comorbidity (obesity, metabolic syndrome, and gut microbiota dysbiosis). This work aimed to analyze essential hypertension as a chronic low-grade inflammation and to demonstrate that immunoinflammatory mechanisms underlie persistent hypertension and target organ remodeling. The scientific novelty of this work lies in a comprehensive consideration of the role of innate and adaptive immunity (macrophages, dendritic cells, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and T-lymphocyte subpopulations, including Th17, CD8+, and regulatory T cells [Treg]) in close association with oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. The critical role of visceral obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis as key sources of systemic low-grade inflammation that convert mechanical and metabolic stress into a sustained immune response is emphasized. Particular attention is given to the concept of inflammatory remodeling of the vascular wall, myocardium, and renal tissue as the pathogenetic basis of increased vascular stiffness, sustained hypertension, and progressive target organ damage. The practical relevance of the review lies in substantiating the prospects of immunomodulatory therapies: blockade of specific cytokine pathways, regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity, correction of Th17/Treg imbalance, and modulation of the gut microbiota. It is shown that the transition from an exclusively neurohumoral to an inflammatory paradigm of hypertension opens opportunities for new strategies for the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment focused on preventing long-term inflammatory damage to target organs.

The article is devoted to thestudy of forms of advanced training of teachers in the Caucasus in the late XIX – early XXcenturies. Thestudy analyzes the vector of their changes from short-term courses to pedagogical congresses. When writing an article, historical-comprehensive and problem-chronological methods were used, which allowed to trace the dynamics of the development of forms of advanced training of teachers in the Caucasus in the late XIX-early XX centuries. A source analysis of archival documents and publications in periodicals was also used. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that on the material of the Caucasian training district an attempt was made to a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the forms of advanced training of teachers in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The author concludes that it was the combination of short-term courses and pedagogical congresses that ensured the transition from temporary measures to prepare personnel to a sustainable professional development system of teachers.

For a long time, the term "brand" has been used in the fields of business, marketing, and advertising to distinguish products offered by unique sellers. In modern conditions of a society focused on individualization, consumers make decisions about choosing products based on their preferences, desires and level of loyalty to a particular brand, which is often a consequence of the excellent quality of the products offered. In this context, higher education institutions can be likened to commercial products, since their main activity and product is the educational process. This chapter highlights the importance of branding for higher education institutions (HEIs). The authors carefully analyze the factors contributing to the establishment of educational institutions as brands, as well as outline the key principles of brand development and the sequential steps leading to effective branding. In addition, a branding model is proposed that is specially adapted for higher education institutions, which can serve as a basis for their further development and strengthening their positions in the educational market.

This study provides a systematic analysis of the effects of sanctions policy on economic stability and the relationship between imposed sanctions and inflationary dynamics across countries. The initial hypothesis posited a direct and uniformly adverse impact of economic isolation on targeted economies; empirical evidence, however, indicates that outcomes are contingent on country‑specific structural characteristics and adaptive capacities. The Russian case illustrates this complexity: despite extensive restrictive measures, the economy has demonstrated resilience through diversification of foreign trade, implementation of import‑substitution policies, and expansion of domestic production, which have supported continued GDP growth in certain periods and mitigated inflationary pressures in key sectors. The analysis further shows heterogeneous sectoral responses to external shocks and highlights the role of institutional, fiscal, and market mechanisms in shaping macroeconomic trajectories under sanctions. These findings caution against blanket assumptions regarding the destructiveness of sanctions and underscore the necessity for policymakers to evaluate sanctions effects on a case‑by‑case basis, considering domestic economic structures, resilience mechanisms, and sectoral vulnerabilities to form more effective international economic policy.

Copolymers of polyphenylene sulfone and polyarylene ether nitrile were synthesized using nucleophilic polycondensation. 2,6-difluorobenzonitrile (DFBN), 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone were used as monomers. The structure of the obtained copolymers was confirmed by means of IR spectroscopy, and their solubility in various solvents was studied. Thermal properties were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis, as well as a set of basic mechanical properties. It was found that both thermal stability and glass transition temperature are virtually independent of the copolymer composition, while samples with a DFBN monomer content of more than 75% exhibit a melting peak in the region of 357 °C on the DSC curves, indicating an increase in the degree of crystallinity, accompanied by a deterioration in the solubility of these polymers. With increasing DFBN content, a uniform increase in elastic modulus is observed, and both bending and tensile strength increase significantly. However, the introduction of DFBN segments into the polyphenylene sulfone structure leads to a decrease in impact strength.

This article provides a literature review and summarizes information on the synthesis of polyesterimides. Systematizes modern methods of synthesis of polyesterimides and analyzes their properties, which creates a scientific basis for the development of heat-resistant composite materials of a new generation.

A structural model is considered that allows us to determine the dependence of the fire resis- tance of polymer/carbon nanotube nanocomposites on a fundamental structural characteristic – the Hurst ex- ponent. This characteristic demonstrates the decisive influence of the structural state of the nanocomposite, expressed by the structural state of carbon nanotube aggregates, on the combustion process of these nanomate- rials. The Hurst exponent is easily controlled by varying the carbon nanotube content.