Kabul Education University of Rabbani

Abstract This study introduces discrete wavelet transform (DWT) coupled with the long-short-term memory (LSTM) model for drought prediction. We evaluate the W-LSTM model against the traditional ARIMA and conventional LSTM methods, based on the monthly precipitation data from January 1968 to January 2018 of Badeggi District in Niger State – Nigeria; which were evaluated into standardized precipitation index (SPI) of various timescales of 3, 6, 9, and 12 respectively. To understand any of the underlying features in the data, each of the SPI series was plotted graphically. Subsequently, the SPIs undergoes decomposition using Wavelet resulting in (three Details and an Approximation) components. The next step involved determining the input data based on the number of significant lags observed in PACF of each component, thereby restructuring the data to conform to LSTM’s network architecture, thereby making the modelling and forecasting of the input series by the LSTM network. Statistical evaluation metrics which include the root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), R2 and percentage of bias (PBIAS) are employed to assess the model accuracy. The W-LSTM model demonstrated superior performance over ARIMA and LSTM in forecasting, significantly reducing RMSE by up to 83.4% and improving R² by up to 147.5%. For SPI-12, W-LSTM achieved a 56.2% RMSE reduction over ARIMA and a 74.8% reduction over LSTM, with a 46.7% increase in MaPE, a 1.1% increase in R², and recorded the best PBIAS value of 2.078, compared to the other models. Similar trends were observed across SPI-6, SPI-9, and SPI-12, confirming W-LSTM’s effectiveness in minimizing errors and enhancing predictive accuracy when compared to standalone ARIMA and LSTM models.

Within the topic of "The Activity of the Science of Tafsir (Quranic Exegesis) and its influence on the historical situation in the First Half of the Eleventh Century AH," I addressed subjects and titles that serve the main title. Among these titles are: The Historical Situation of the Islamic World in the First Half of the Eleventh Century AH, which includes three aspects: The Political Situation, where I mentioned its fluctuations, the most prominent rulers and countries, and the wars in the Islamic world. The Social Situation, during which I discussed the life of the Islamic society, prominent ideas, and prevalent cultures among people. And the Scientific Situation, where I touched upon explaining scientific efforts, their manifestations, and their centers. Then, I discussed the impact of these situations on the activity within the movement of the science of Tafsir during that time period, and finally, the most important findings.

Measurement error (ME) is a critical factor that affects the accuracy and reliability of statistical process control (SPC) methods, often leading to delayed fault detection and compromised process monitoring. This study proposes an improved adaptive cumulative sum (IACUSUM) control chart that effectively mitigates the adverse effects of ME by integrating a linear covariate model and a multiple measurement procedure. The performance of the proposed chart is evaluated using average run length (ARL) and standard deviation of run length (SDRL) through rigorous Monte Carlo simulations and real-data applications. The findings demonstrate that ME significantly impacts the detection capability of control charts, underscoring the need for effective error management strategies. The IACUSUM control chart, when implemented with a multiple measurement approach, exhibits superior sensitivity, enhanced shift detection, and greater robustness compared to conventional methods. The results confirm that the proposed methodology significantly improves process monitoring efficiency, making it a highly reliable tool for industrial applications where measurement variability is prevalent. This study provides a practical and scalable solution for enhancing SPC performance and sets the foundation for further advancements in adaptive control charts for real-world quality assurance systems.

از اوایل نیمه دوم قرن چهارم هـ. ق. به بعد سامانیان تدریجا ضعیف شدند، قلمرو و دربار سامانی دچار بیثباتی، فتنه و آشوب گردید. عوامل متعدد از جملهبی کفایتی امیران سامانی، ظهور حکومتهای جدید در نزدیکی قلمروسامانیان، قدرتمند شدن غلامان وکاهش ذخایر پولی در بیثباتی سیاسی وتضعیف حکومت سامانیان نقش ایفا کردند. اهمیت تحقیق حاضر در این است که حضور غلامان در ساختار نظامی و سیاسی سامانیان و نقش آنان را در تضعیف این سلسله بررسی کرده و روشن میکند. هدف از تحقیق حاضر پی بردن به چگونگی تضعیف حکومت سامانیان توسط غلامان حاضر در ساختار سیاسی و نظامی این سلسله میباشد. یافتههای تحقیق نشان میدهد که غلامان با آنکه عامل مهم استحکام قدرت و پیروزیهای نظامی این سلسله بودند، درنهایت تبدیل به عامل مهم در بی ثباتی سیاسی و تضعیف این سلسله نیز گردیدند. تحقیق حاضر با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی بر نقش غلامان در ایجاد بیثباتی سیاسی وتضعیف این حکومت متمرکز میباشد.

إن العطلة من الأعمال الدنيوية أسبوعيا من باب التفرغ للعبادات والاستراحة من تعب العمل أمر لا بأس به، وأما التعطيل كليا بحجة التعظيم، كما يصنع اليهود في يوم السبت أو النصارى في يوم الأحد؛ وترك العمل يوم الجمعة مشابهة لغير المسلمين، أمر مذموم لورود النصوص في النهي عن التشبه بهم، وقد وردت نصوص في الكتاب المقدس تدل على وجوب تعظيم السبت، تقديسا غير قابل للنسخ، وشهد القرآن بوجوب تعظيم يوم السبت على جميع بني أسرائيل ومنهم النصارى؛ لأنهم كانوا مأمورين بالعمل على شريعة التوراة، كما قال المسيح ابن مريم عليه السلام: "لا تظنّوا أني جئتُ لأنقضَ الناموسَ...بل لأكمّل، ثم جاء بولس وغيّر تعظيم يوم السبت بدعوى أن المسيح حررهم من العمل بظاهر التوراة، وقد بذل علماء الحنفية جهودهم في بطلان تقديس يوم الأحد في النصرانية، وذلك بنصوص كتابهم المقدس و أقوال الباحثين المحققين من النصارى والمسلمين، وانتقلت تقديس يوم الأحد من الوثنيين إلى النصرانية بواسطة قسطنطين الذي كان يعمل على إرضاء الوثنين والنصارى عن طريق المزج بين النصرانية والوثنية، وكان بعض الوثنيين يخصصون يوم الأحد لعبادة الشمس، ولا زال إلى يومنا هذا يسمى باللغة الإنجليزية يوم الشمس (Sunday) وهي مركبة من كلمتين (Sun) ومعناها في اللغة الإنجليزية(شمس) و (day) ومعناها (يوم)، أي يوم الشمس، وجعلوها كلمة واحدة وأطلقت عليها يوم الأحد

Undoubtedly, the issue of removing limits and retribution by suspicion is one of the important issues and it has been mentioned as a basic rule in the books of criminal jurisprudence throughout the ages, and the principle of proportionality of crime and punishment, and it is undoubtedly compatible, suspicion according to Rajeh's definition: the expression of What is related to one of the elements of the crime or the reason for its proof, from the defect that causes the removal of its maximum punishment. Types of doubt: Hanafi scholars divide doubt into three types: 1-Doubt in action or wrong doubt. 2-Doubt in the place, property or legal doubt. 3-Doubt in the contract. Shafi'i scholars have divided doubt into three types: 1 -Doubt in place 2-Doubt in subject 3-Doubt in degree. There are two opinions about rejecting the limits of waqfs for doubts: 1- the majority of the jurists: it is valid for rejecting it; 2- the opinion of Ibn Hazm Zahiri and his followers: it is not valid for the rule of rejecting the limits of waqfs for doubts. After mentioning the reasons for each of them, it seems that the opinion of the president of the religious jurists is preferable. The results of the order on the rule of rejecting the limits of punishment and retribution for suspicions: in some cases, the legal limit is rejected and the accused is completely acquitted, and in some other cases, the limit of retribution is rejected, but the penalty is imposed. He adapts. In this article, an effort has been made to address this issue from different angles; For example, the introduction of doubt and related terms, how to remove limits and retribution for doubts, in addition to the opinions of the noble jurists and the reasons for each and every one of them, the effect of order on the rule of rejecting limits and retribution for doubts, and finally the conclusion, it is worth mentioning that the method The research in this article is descriptive and analytical; The issue of disposing of the limits and qisas to doubts has been described and analyzed, and authentic jurisprudential books have been used.

Background: As the availability of training opportunities increases, the economy is further strengthened through the development of the sports sector. Because of this change, developers of commercial real estate have begun to see financial prospects in the sports industry and include sports forms into their buildings. In addition to encouraging the expansion of sports, the "sports + business" trend provides a fresh avenue for the development of the commercial economy. Method: This study was conducted qualitatively using bibliographic methods to sufficiently clarify topics for which there was previously insufficient information. Reliable scientific books, journals, and websites were utilized in the collection of topics. To ensure content accuracy, the relevant sources are cited at the end of almost every paragraph. Objectives: This article's main goal is to shed light on the connection between sports initiatives and the commercial sector while offering suggestions and answers for new ideas and business prospects inside the "sports + business" integration. Additionally, it aims to suggest methods for matching particular brands and services to the traits and inclinations of customers. Findings: The results show that the expansion of the commercial economy is significantly influenced by sports projects. Innovations must be created with a deep awareness of the needs and characteristics of consumers in order to successfully meet market expectations. Sports events are recognized as an essential instrument for promoting business ventures, resulting in favorable consequences for the "sports + business" integration. Delivering intelligent services, improving customer experiences, and enabling additional market expansion all depend on the usage of technology. The integration of sports and the economy is deemed essential for the advancement of both the sports sector and the overall economic landscape. Increased financial investment in sports correlates positively with greater financial returns. Furthermore, sporting events enhance revenue generation, create employment opportunities, and facilitate economic development by fostering community engagement.

objectives: The purpose of this research is to investigate the most common injuries of the players of the national football teams in Afghanistan from the point of view of the coaches of these teams. Methods: The current research has been conducted using a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative), which is descriptive-analytical in terms of its purpose. The statistical population includes all the coaches of Afghanistan's national teams who work at different levels. The samples were selected purposefully and accessible and consisted of all national football team coaches in different age groups. The number of samples was 25 Coaches, in order to collect theoretical bases, the documentary method was used by referring to documents and documents, internet sites, information banks, scientific articles and theses, etc. Field method and questionnaire were also used to collect the data of this study. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage and inferential statistics such as Friedman in spss software version 26. Results: The qualitative findings of this research, which was conducted with the content analysis approach; It shows that the most common injuries in football sports are injuries of the lower body, upper body injuries, head injuries, shoulder girdle injuries, wrist injuries, foot, toe injuries, knee injuries, lower body muscle injuries, leg and Achilles injuries, and thigh injuries. Injuries, the most common, football And the quantitative findings of this research show that lower body injuries, which include wrist, foot and toe injuries, knee injuries, lower body muscle injuries, leg and Achilles tendon injuries, hip and hip injuries, it is more common than upper body injuries, which include upper body injuries, upper body muscle injuries, head and face injuries, and shoulder girdle injuries, and it has the lowest prevalence among skin injuries. Also among lower body injuries, wrist, foot and toe injuries; The highest rank is followed by knee injuries, lower body muscle injuries, leg and Achilles tendon injuries, and finally thigh and hip injuries have the lowest rank. Among upper body injuries; Injuries around upper; The highest rank is followed by upper body muscle injuries, head and face injuries, and finally shoulder girdle injuries have the lowest rank.

Now, the technological environments rely on a large number of users and devices interconnected in such a way as to be able to share information and exchange resources. For such reasons, security becomes of prime importance inside these networks. Especially, encryption algorithms widely used in smart metering systems form the very backbone of ensuring security. It is unique according to every single parameter: the level of security achieved, speed, operational complexity, length, and type of key used. A comparison of performance and throughput for the most used encryption algorithms, such as AES-128, AES-192, RC4, Blowfish, and ECDSA, is presented here. Such devices, for instance, smart meters, usually represent very resource-constrained computational capability, memory, and data transfer. For these reasons, the experiments investigate performance impacts of using different encryption algorithms on a smart meter environment in a scaled setup. Experiments were run on a laptop device and then downscaled according to the limitation characteristics of the smart meter target device. As for the scaling, it has been performed concerning key factors: CPU of the smart meter, RAM, and cache memory. Execution times of the encryption and decryption processes were measured, as well as the throughput of messages for various file sizes. Quantitative key results obtained included: RC4 with a throughput of 25.37 Kbytes/sec, whereas AES-128 has 4.87 Kbytes/sec, while in ECDSA-256 the performance is much lower: its verification throughput amounts to 0.0023 Kbytes/sec. The results showed significant variations in performance, speed, and throughput between these algorithms. Even considering small smart devices, the encryption and decryption processes yielded efficient throughputs. These findings underscore the importance of choosing the right encryption algorithm for smart meters, balancing both security requirements and resource limitations to ensure optimal performance.

Abstract The focus of this work is on employing linear stability analysis to investigate the initiation of the bioconvection (Bconvec ) phenomenon in the presence of rotational influence. In this study, we examine a water based magnetic nanofluids (Wb-MgNf ) that contains gyrotactic microorganisms, taking into account the influence of gravity. The motion of the microorganisms is considered to be motile and of small size, rendering the inertial effects negligible. The employed model incorporates the combined impact of two slip mechanisms, namely Brownian motion and thermophoresis, as suggested by J. Buongiorno in his article ”Convective transport in nanofluids” in addition to magnetophoresis. To solve the resulting eigenvalue problem, a numerical method utilizing MATLAB’s EIG function is utilized. The critical Rayleigh number Rac is determined through neutral stability curves (NsCurves ) to analyze the system, considering the governing parameters. The Taylor number Ta is employed to investigate the influence of rotation, revealing that it stabilizes the system. The onset of convection is advanced by the parameters nanoparticle concentration Rayleigh number Rn and bioconvection Lewis number Lb.