Kolhan University

During the past one or two decades, the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles especially the silver nanoparticles, using plant extracts, and their diverse biomedical applications, including antioxidant and hepatoprotective, has gained the attention of researchers. The present work includes the green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the aqueous leaf extract of Pedilanthus (Euphorbia) tithymaloides. The biosynthesis employed a bottom-up approach, in which the secondary metabolites of the leaf extract served as reducing, stabilizing and capping agents. The characterization was performed using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Zeta potential analysis. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were further evaluated for their in-vitro antioxidant and amylase-inhibitory properties, as well as their in-vivo hepatoprotective efficacy in albino Wistar rats. The findings demonstrated that the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles exhibit strong antioxidant and amylase-inhibitory properties, and significantly reduce the oxidative stress-induced hepatotoxicity, reflected by improved liver function parameters, such as serum levels of bilirubin (from 2.86±0.38 mg/dL in hepatotoxic to 1.34±0.18 mg/dL in treated rats), total protein (from 7.44±0.96 to 12.63±2.14 g/dL), albumin (from 2.22±0.57 g/dL to 3.14±0.46 g/dL), key enzymes like alanine aminotransferase [ALT] (from 172.38±14.97 IU/L to 85.19±11.63 IU/L), aspartate aminotransferase [AST] (from 144.29±8.93 IU/L to 61.57±11.26 IU/L), serum alkaline phosphatase [ALP] (from 154.78±16.92 IU/L to 114±13.57 IU/L), and key antioxidant enzymes in hepatic tissues, such as reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and oxidative stress parameter like malondialdehyde (MDA).

Tryptamine, an indoleamine, is recognized as an internal signaling molecule that enables plants to coordinate their responses under environmental stresses. However, its functional role in cyanobacteria remains largely unexplored. Therefore, the present study investigates the regulatory effects of exogenous tryptamine (10 µM) on mitigating salt (NaCl) induced toxicity in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120. Salt (NaCl) at 60 mM markedly impaired growth, reduced photosynthetic pigment contents, suppressed photosynthetic activity including PSII photochemistry while increasing the respiratory rate in Anabaena sp. Further, NaCl also caused a significant rise in oxidative stress biomarkers (O₂·¯, H₂O₂, and malondialdehyde equivalents; MDA). Exogenously applied tryptamine enhanced the salt stress tolerance, leading to an increase in growth, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthetic efficiency, along with an appreciable rise in antioxidative enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT and GST) that reduced the oxidative damage. Overall, the study signifies the role of tryptamine as a growth promoter substance to salt stressed Anabaena PCC7120 by enhancing the antioxidants defense system that results in better photosynthetic efficiency, increased biomass and increased synthesis of protein. Hence, supplementation of tryptamine can increase the fertility of salt-affected paddy fields, which is a low-input, sustainable agricultural practice. Although tryptamine, a tryptophan-derived monoamine, has been shown to influence cyanobacterial growth and stress responses, there is a need for a deeper understanding of its functions; this study aims to explore its underlying regulatory mechanisms.

Pedilanthus tithymaloides (P. tithymaloides), also known as Euphorbia tithymaloides, is a widely distributed plant traditionally used in herbal medicine for the treatment of various ailments. It is reported to contain a diverse range of bioactive secondary metabolites with significant pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anthelmintic, and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition of P. tithymaloides leaf extract through LC-MS and FTIR profiling, and to assess its antioxidant, anti-bacterial, and in vitro anti-diabetic potential by measuring its amylase inhibitory activity. Notably, the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of P. tithymaloides collected from Jharkhand have not been previously investigated. The results of LC-MS and FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of several bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, fatty acids, phenolics, proteins, and amino acids. Additionally, the extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, strong α-amylase inhibitory activity, and marked antibacterial impact against selected bacterial strains. These findings suggest that P. tithymaloides has promising therapeutic potential, warranting further exploration and identification of its phytochemical constituent compounds and their biomedical applications.

Abstract The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a significant shift in India’s educational landscape, emphasizing the integration of Indian philosophy to foster holistic development, critical thinking, and cultural awareness among students. This integration aims to reconnect learners with their rich cultural heritage, promote ethical values, and encourage interdisciplinary learning. By incorporating diverse Indian philosophical traditions, NEP 2020 seeks to create a more inclusive and balanced education system that prepares students to navigate the complexities of the modern world while staying rooted in timeless values. The integration of Indian philosophy into NEP 2020 offers numerous opportunities, including promoting cultural heritage, fostering holistic development, and encouraging critical inquiry. However, it also presents challenges such as balancing traditional and modern content, developing appropriate resources, and ensuring teacher preparedness. Addressing these challenges requires thoughtful curriculum design, teacher training, and the development of innovative educational materials. This integration has the potential to shape a generation of learners who are not only academically proficient but also ethically grounded and culturally aware. By embracing Indian philosophy, NEP 2020 can help students develop a deeper understanding of themselves and their place in the world, fostering a sense of responsibility and purpose. Ultimately, the successful integration of Indian philosophy into NEP 2020 can contribute to the development of a more holistic, inclusive, and meaningful education system that benefits students, society, and the nation as a whole. Key Words: Indian Philosophy, National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, Holistic Development, Cultural Heritage, Critical Thinking.

Migraine is a highly prevalent and incapacitating neurological disorder mostly characterised by recurring attacks of moderate to severe throbbing and pulsating pain on one side of the head. The role of estrogen in migraine has been well documented. Although genetic variations in the ESR1 gene have been associated with an increased risk of developing migraine, the findings are inconsistent. We performed a meta-analysis of previously published articles considering four important single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ESR1 gene (rs1801132, rs2228480, rs2234693, and rs9340799) to explore their possible association with the development of migraine and its clinical phenotypes. We thoroughly searched literature databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus until March 14, 2024, to identify the relevant reports. We utilized GPower software v.3 to assess the power of each report included in the meta-analysis and Comprehensive Meta-analysis v4 for all meta-analysis-related analyses. We employed funnel plots and Egger's regression test to identify publication biases within each genetic comparison model. We used Cochrane Q statistics, probability value, and I2 to assess heterogeneity. After applying predefined criteria, a meta-analysis was conducted with 11 relevant studies comprising 3835 cases of migraine and 3655 healthy individuals. The analysis indicated a strong correlation between ESR1 polymorphisms (rs2228480 and rs9340799) and the likelihood of developing migraine. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis showed that rs2228480 is associated with susceptibility to migraine in both Caucasians and Asians. Additionally, rs2234693 variants were found to be linked with the development of migraine with aura. However, the trial sequential analysis suggested that more case-control studies are necessary to establish the definitive role of ESR1 variants in migraine. ESR1 variants (rs2228480, rs2234693, and rs9340799) are associated with an increased risk of migraine and related phenotypes. However, further studies are needed to establish a definitive conclusion.

This researchpaper discusses howAI has been integrated into personalfinance management and transformed how individuals deal with financial tasks. Budgeting, investment, and fraud prevention are no longer solely dependent on traditional methods since AI tools have takencenter stage. The increasing complexity of personal financial planning, fueled by issues such as retirement, healthcare, and environmental issues, demands more complex approaches to managing money. Current AI applications are critically evaluated for their benefits and the ethical challenges associated with this field. Through a study of cases on the Mint and Betterment, the research illustrates how AI-powered tools increase efficiency and personalization. Ethical issues including data privacy and algorithmic bias are addressed,together with emerging technologies such as Explainable AI (XAI) and blockchain integration. This report seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the role AI can play in managing personal finance and its future developments.