Kostroma State Agricultural Academy

BACKGROUND. When preparing flax straw using the dew retting method, uniformity of the raw material’s technological parameters along the length of the stems is not ensured, which reduces the yield and quality of the fiber. The excessive spread of values is due to differences in the mechanical properties of the stems along the length of freshly pulled plants. The middle and upper parts of the plant, when in contact with the working parts of flax harvesting machines, receive microdamage to their structure and dry out faster, activating tissue maceration in these areas of the stem. The lower part of the plants, having no such contacts, retains the integrity of their structure and remains viable, delaying the maturation process in this zone and increasing the heterogeneity of the parameters along the stem length. Maximum heterogeneity is observed during two-phase flax harvesting due to a long gap between the effects of the working parts on individual sections of the stems. The most effective solution to the problem is flattening the lower part of the plants when pulling flax. Many scientific studies are known that confirm the high efficiency of this technique. At the same time, flattening weakens the flexural rigidity of the stems, which can complicate layer formation before processing the flax straw and reduce the yield of long fiber. AIM: investigation of the effect of flattening working bodies of flax harvesters on the bending stiffness of plants. METHODS: For the practical implementation of the two-phase harvesting technology, a flax pulling machine TLP-1.5K (P) with a two-roll flattening apparatus and a pick-up stripper POL-1.5K with a comb stripping apparatus were used. A special device has been developed that allows one to estimate the flexural rigidity of the stem by measuring the force of its fracture and the corresponding deflection. RESULTS: It has been established that flattening of stems during two-phase harvesting does not have a cardinal effect on the distribution of bending rigidity along the technical length of the plant. In all cases, the weakest link in the design of the flattened stem remains its middle part, flattened by the belts of the top-lifting sections. Therefore, the maximum probability of bending of stems during layer formation will be observed in the middle part, and the processes of thinning of the layer of flattened and non-flattened stems will not have significant differences. Processing of experimental lots of flax straw obtained during two-phase flax harvesting with flattening of the butt parts of plants showed an increase in the yield of long fiber by an average of 2.37%. Thus, the categorical hypothesis about the harmful effect of plant flattening on the process of layer thinning and the yield of long fiber was not confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: To ensure high efficiency of the two-phase technology of harvesting flax, all machines intended for pulling plants should be equipped with crushing devices. In addition, it has been established that it is necessary to also process the tops of the stems with crushing rollers.

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the ultrasonic wave parameters for pre-sowing treatment of grain in an aquatic environment. The objectives of the study: selection of a mathematical model and calculation of the characteristics of the ultrasonic vibration field of a disk piezoelectric emitter in water, determination of the intensity of ultrasonic vibrations in an aquatic environment with and without grain, substantiation of the parameters of ultrasonic radiation used for pre-sowing treatment of seeds. It was determined that the first-order Bessel functions of the first kind and the equations of geometric acoustics can be used to describe the propagation of an ultrasonic wave in an aquatic environment. Both mathematical models lead to the conclusion that in the field of propagation of an ultrasonic wave in water, it is possible to distinguish near and far zones: in the near zone, a monotonic distribution of the energy of ultrasonic vibrations occurs, in the far zone, the energy dissipation has a geometric distribution in the form of a truncated cone. To describe the ultrasonic wave near the disk emitter, it is sufficient to apply the formulas of geometric acoustics, since they provide a more visual representation of the ultrasound propagation process and a simple formula for estimating the size of the near zone. The stable effect of ultrasound on grain in an aqueous medium is ensured in the near zone - the theoretical justification agrees with the experimental results. The experiment showed that the ultrasound intensity decreases at a distance of approximately 1 cm from the emitter surface (to 6.4 V/div). At a given frequency, in the absence of grain, this distance determines the boundary of the near zone, which, according to the mathematical model and the evaluation formula, should be equal to 0.9 cm. In water with grain, a different distribution of radiation intensity is observed. The effect of ultrasound on seeds during their pre-sowing treatment has the greatest effect in a layer of hydromixture no more than 0.5 cm thick (corresponding to the thickness of 1-2 grains) at an ultrasonic vibration frequency of 60 kHz, a radiation power of 240 W and an exposure time of 3 minutes.

As a result of the analysis of archival materials, collections of documents, and memoirs of the war survivors, the authors of the article for the first time comprehensively have analysed the work of industrial enterprises in Kostroma during the participation of the USSR in World War II. In order to better understand how difficult it was to fulfill military orders, a description of pre-war Kostroma is given, showing the unsolved tasks, the fulfillment of which was aggravated by the war. The subjective and objective reasons for the under-fulfillment of the military production plan were identified: personnel shortages, difficulties in restructuring for the production of military products, arrival of unskilled workers, shortages of raw materials and fuel, underperformance of managers at various levels, and household problems. But since the 2nd half of 1943, all Kostroma enterprises had begun to fulfill and exceed their plans. The authors analysed a set of measures that helped this: multifaceted work with personnel, primarily with newcomers to enterprises, diverse ideological and political work, introducing new forms of socialist competition, improvement of the morale climate due to victories on the fronts, etc. As a result, the enterprises successfully fulfilled defence orders and, overcoming physical and psychological difficulties, residents, like the whole country, achieved victory over a strong enemy.

The paper presents the results of studies on clonal micropropagation of female plants of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) at the stage of rooting microshoots in vitro. R. chamaemorus is an economically valuable forest berry plant in food and medicinal terms. Cloudberry cultivation in depleted peat deposits is promising. To obtain a large amount of planting material for plantation cultivation of forest berry plants, it is advisable to use the method of clonal micropropagation. It is necessary to improve the technology for growing R. chamaemorus in in vitro culture for forms of Northern Russian origin. The objects of study are plants of R. chamaemorus of the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Karelian and Khanty-Mansiysk forms. At the stage of rooting of microshoots in vitro, the largest values of the number (3.7–6.0 pcs.) and total length (14.2–25.9 cm) of roots in female plants of R. chamaemorus were noted on the MS nutrient medium compared to options for diluting the mineral composition in 2 and 4 times. An increase in the concentration of IAA auxin in the nutrient medium from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l contributed to a 1.4–1.8 times increase in the number of roots of female R. chamaemorus plants in culture in vitro, as well as an increase in the Karelian form (1. 3 times) and a decrease in the Arkhangelsk and Khanty-Mansi forms (1.2–1.4 times) in the total length of roots.

Today's digital age requires businesses to leverage technology and finance. However, there is a noticeable gap in research regarding the dynamic interaction between digital and accounting skills. Therefore, this study aimed to bridge this gap by examining the relationship between digital competencies, management accounting competencies, and the competitiveness of domestic industrial enterprises.

The aim of research is to study the effect of the composition of the culture medium and the concentration of 2-isopentyl adenine on the in vitro shoot formation of cloudberry forms collected in the northern regions of the European part of Russia and Siberia. The objects of the study are cloudberry plants of the Leningradskaya and Kondinskaya forms, collected in natural places of the Vyborg District of the Leningrad Region and the Kondinsky District of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra. The studies were carried out in 2022–2024 using generally accepted methods of microclonal propagation of plants. The number, average length and total length of microshoots per one regenerated plant were recorded. The experiment was repeated 3 times, with 10 plants each. The maximum values of the number of microshoots of cloudberry (on average 3.3–3.7 pcs.), their average length (1.6–1.8 cm) and total length (5.5–7.0 cm) were noted when growing regenerated plants in vitro on the MC culture medium. On the MS ½ culture medium, the number, average length, and total length of cloudberry microshoots in vitro were, on average, 1.4, 1.2–1.6, and 2.1–2.3 times smaller, respectively, than on the MS medium; on the MS ¼ medium, they were 2.8, 1.6–2.6, and 4.6–6.4 times smaller. An increase in the concentration of cytokinin 2-iP from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l in the culture medium contributed to an increase in the number of cloudberry microshoots (on average, 1.3 times) in vitro culture and a decrease in their average length (2–3.2 times) and total length (2.8–3.1 times).

Introduction. A huge number of disinfectants are used for aerosol disinfection of poultry premises, most of them are recommended for preventive or terminal disinfection carried out in the absence of poultry. At the same time, some products available to veterinary services are recommended for concurrent disinfection and are used in the presence of poultry, although, not all of them meet the requirements on composition, purpose and mode of use. The one of interest is a glutaraldehyde-based and quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) based disinfectant, which has already been investigated in the scientific sources, however the influence of this agent on the physiological and zootechnical status of poultry treated therewith has not been fully studied. The aim of this research is to study the physiological status and productive qualities of the broiler chickens exposed to direct aerosol treatment with the glutaraldehydeand QAD based disinfectant.Materials and Methods. The research was conducted from October to November 2019 in the industrial poultry farm settings in a large flock of broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 cross, divided into two groups — experimental and control one. In the experimental poultry house, on the 10th day after putting the broiler chickens in the house, a preventive aerosol disinfection was carried out by means of the Nebulo cold fogger in the presence of poultry. A 0.5% solution of glutaraldehydeand QAD based disinfectant was used in a dosage of 5 ml per 1 m3 (the maximum permissible concentration exceeding the recommended one). In the control poultry house the aerosol disinfection was not carried out. The biochemical tests of blood serum (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin, total protein, creatinine, blood urea, blood uric acid) were made using a biochemical analyser. The zootechnical indices were also studied (livability, mortality, average daily gain, feed and water consumption during the full growing life cycle, feed conversion ratio).Results. The time history of the blood serum biochemical indices showed that the use of the glutaraldehydeand QAD based aerosol disinfectant in the specified above dosage in the presence of broiler chickens did not cause a negative, toxic effect on chickens’ metabolic indicators — all changes fluctuated slightly within the physiological norm. The zootechnical monitoring data have revealed the positive effect of the aerosol disinfection on the growth and maturing of chickens, enhancement of the livestock livability and poultry average daily gain due to the decrease of microbial burden on the growing organisms of chickens. The broiler chickens livability during the entire growing period in the experimental group was 0.84% higher than in the control group. Also, the average daily gain by the end of the growing period in the experimental group was 1.52% higher than in the control group, and the average liveweight of one bird was 2 137.7 g (experimental group) and 2 111.1 g (control group). At the same time, the feed costs in the experimental group were 0.11% less than in the control group.Discussion and Conclusion. It was found that the use of a glutaraldehydeand QAD based aerosol disinfectant, even in the maximum permissible concentration in the presence of poultry, not only didn’t have a negative effect on the physiological and zootechnical status of the broiler chickens, but, on the contrary, fostered creation of the more comfortable conditions for their keeping and growing. The obtained research results allow us to confidently recommend this method of aerosol disinfection to be used in the animal and poultry keeping premises.

В эпоху активного развития цифровых технологий в животноводстве всё большую актуальность стали приобретать современные методы молекулярной генетики, позволяющие диагностировать целый комплекс хозяйственно полезных признаков у животных. Вместе с тем, маркер-ориентированная селекция открывает возможности для прогнозирования предрасположенности к различным заболеваниям, наносящим значительный экономический ущерб. Незаразные заболевания крупного рогатого скота, такие как: кетоз, жировой гепатоз, остеодистрофия и другие, представляют собой существенную проблему на предприятиях самых разных объёмов производственной мощности: от малых ферм до крупных промышленных животноводческих комплексов. Исследование у крупного рогатого скота генетических маркеров, обуславливающих различные аспекты обмена веществ и энергии в организме, и последующее установление ассоциативных связей между различными аллельными вариантами этих генов с заболеваниями метаболизма позволит выделить как предпочтительные генотипы, пригодные к дальнейшему разведению, так и нежелательные для этой цели. В конечном итоге это даст возможность вести целенаправленную селекционно-племенную работу на усиление генетической устойчивости животных к возникновению метаболических нарушений в условиях интенсивной эксплуатации и, следовательно, к увеличению эффективности продуктивного животноводства в целом. Поскольку на обмен веществ и энергии в организме оказывают влияние множество генов, то и генетических маркеров устойчивости к нарушениям метаболизма должно быть несколько. Многими учёными в качестве потенциальных маркерных генов, участвующих в метаболизме, и предположительно, влияющих на устойчивость животных к возникновению заболеваний обмена веществ, предлагаются LEP и IGF1 и APOBR1. Изучение ассоциативных связей этих генов с устойчивостью крупного рогатого скота к возникновению ряда нарушений метаболизма позволит определить конкретные генотипы, связанные с риском развития заболеваний обмена веществ, и в последующем разработать профилактические меры по их предотвращению. In the era of the active development of digital technologies in animal husbandry, modern methods of molecular genetics began to acquire more relevance, making it possible to diagnose a whole range of economic characters in animals. At the same time, marker-oriented selection opens up opportunities for predicting predisposition to various diseases that cause significant economic damage. Non-contagious diseases of cattle, such as ketosis, fatty hepatosis, osteodystrophy and others are a significant problem at enterprises of various volumes of production capacity: from small farms to large industrial livestock complexes. The study of genetic markers in cattle that cause various aspects of metabolism and energy in the body, and the subsequent establishment of associations between different allelic variants of these genes with metabolic diseases, will make it possible to identify both preferred genotypes suitable for further breeding and undesirable for this purpose. Ultimately, this will make it possible to conduct targeted selection and breeding work to increase the genetic resistance of animals to the occurrence of metabolic disorders in conditions of intensive exploitation and, therefore, to increase the efficiency of productive animal husbandry in general. Since metabolism and energy in the body are influenced by many genes, there should be several genetic markers of resistance to metabolic disorders. LEP and IGF1 and APOBR1 are proposed by many scientists as potential marker genes involved in metabolism and presumably affecting animal resistance to the onset of metabolic diseases. The study of the associations of these genes with the resistance of cattle to a number of metabolic disorders will make it possible to determine specific genotypes associated with the risk of developing metabolic diseases, and subsequently develop preventive measures to prevent them.

Organizations constantly conduct settlements with suppliers and buyers. With suppliers for fixed assets, raw materials and other inventory items purchased from them, work performed and services rendered; with buyers for work performed, services rendered. The debt on these calculations in the process of financial and economic activity must be within the permissible values. Market relations increase the responsibility and independence of organizations in the development and adoption of management decisions to ensure the effectiveness of settlements with debtors and creditors. Rational organization of control over the state of settlements, contributes to strengthening contractual and settlement discipline, fulfilling obligations for the supply of products in a given assortment and quality, increasing responsibility for compliance with payment discipline, reducing receivables and payables, accelerating the turnover of working capital and, consequently, improving the financial condition of organizations.

The article presents data on the effect of castration on changes in indicators reflecting mineral metabolism. The work was performed on 14 boars (aged 5 months) divided into two groups ‒ control and experimental ones (n = 7 in each). Before castration by an open method, all animals were intramuscularly injected with ketoject; and in the postoperative period, medical support consisted of repeated use of the abovementioned drug, as well as cobactan and hipratopic. The boars of the experimental group were additionally injected with thymogen. Blood sampling was performed before the surgery, on the 14th and 30th day after it, the serum was obtained using the conventional method. The content of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium was evaluated.It was found that the indicators of sodium, potassium, chlorine and magnesium before castration of boars were within the physiological norm in both groups, while the indicators of both calcium and phosphorus exceeded physiological norm in the control and experimental groups by 1.46 ‒ 1.51 and 1.14 ‒ 1.22 times, respectively.Further dynamics of calcium and phosphorus was accompanied (in the catabolic phase) by hypocalcemia, a decrease in the level of phosphorus to reference values, in the anabolic phase by normalization of the calcium content against the background of a slight excess increase in phosphorus.The use of thymogen in the experimental group contributed to a decrease in the intensity of changes on the 14th day and normalization of calcium and phosphorus on the 30th day. There were no significant fluctuations in the dynamics of sodium and chlorine. Potassium levels in both groups in the catabolic phase exceeded both the initial and standard values (mostly in the control), in the anabolic phase this trend persisted in relation to the control against the background of normalization in the experimental group. The content of magnesium in the blood serum of boars was characterized by positive dynamics: indicators were below the norm before castration, the reference values were subsequently noted in the control group on the 14th day, in the experimental group ‒ on the 30th. The presented research results indicate that the protective effect of thymogen in optimizing mineral metabolism during castration of boars is mainly realized at the level of calcium and phosphorus dynamics.