Lock Haven University

Music is an ergogenic aid often used in exercise and has been shown to have positive impacts on performance. Six male recreational (REC) (Age: 20.5 ± 1.2yr, Ht: 177.5 ± 1.3cm, Mass: 75.0 ± 6.9kg, BF: 15.3 ± 4.8%) and 6 competitive (CMP) female swimmers (Age: 20.0 ± 1.4yr, Ht: 165.9 ± 7.0cm, Mass: 66.6 ± 4.9kg, BF: 28.0 ± 7.7%) completed a self-directed warmup of up to 10 minutes, followed by four 200-yd swims during which they were exposed to 4 conditions: fast-tempo music (FT;160 bpm), slow-tempo music (ST;80 bpm), control (C; no music), and metronome (M:160 bpm). Subjects were exposed to each for 4 minutes before and during each 200-yd trial. Swim times, RPE, exercise enjoyment (EE), and the musical qualities (MQ) impact on the exercise bout were collected after each trial. No significant differences were found in times (FT: 3.3±1.0, ST: 3.3±1.1, C:3.3±1.0, M: 3.3±1.0; p = 0.685) or RPE (FT:14.2± 2.5, ST:13.2±3.0, C:13.9±2.8 M:14.6±3.4; p=0.132); an interaction effect was found between competition status and RPE (F(3,30) = 4.373; p = .013). CMP swimmers had higher RPE (FT:13.8±3.3, ST:12.3±3.7, C:13.5±3.5, M:12.7±4.0) for FT compared to ST (p=.017), and higher RPE for FT compared to M (p=.013). There was a significant difference in EE (FT:4.6±1.3, ST:4.7±1.1, C:1.8±1.6, M 4.1±1.5, p=0.022). There were higher MQ scores for FT and ST (p<.001, p=0.001) compared to C and M (p<.001, p<.001), indicating higher motivation in FT and ST conditions. In conclusion, different music conditions impacted perception of exercise but not performance.

Abstract Objective Hybridization between native and nonnative fishes represents a global threat to biodiversity. Understanding how hybridization changes in response to management actions is critical to evaluating the efficacy of conservation efforts. Methods We quantified changes in levels of hybridization between Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus virginalis bouvieri and Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the South Fork Snake River watershed, where a multipronged approach has been implemented to protect the evolutionary distinctiveness of one of the last remaining large-river populations of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout. Result Over a 20-year period, we observed an increase in the number of sample reaches without hybrids in the South Fork Snake River watershed; however, contrasting patterns were noted in main-stem and tributary reaches. Through time, hybrid abundance increased at main-stem reaches of the South Fork Snake River below Palisades Dam but decreased in tributaries. Efforts to reduce hybridization in spawning tributaries, including both suppression and selective passage weirs, were effective at preventing the expansion of hybridization in resident and migratory populations. Multimodel inference was used to understand factors affecting levels of hybridization, and year, sampling reach, and the interaction thereof was identified as the best-fit model but explained only a small percentage of the overall variation, suggesting that other factors not captured in our model were driving patterns in hybridization. Conclusion Changes in hybridization in the South Fork Snake River watershed are likely the result of multiple processes, namely management actions to reduce Rainbow Trout and hybrids in tributaries, as well as demographic changes in Rainbow Trout in the main-stem river below Palisades Dam. Our results suggest that Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout populations in the South Fork Snake River watershed have not experienced widespread interspecific hybridization with Rainbow Trout but that proactive management will be necessary to ensure long-term conservation.

Adaptations frequently revamp their source-texts by reversing the disposition of margins and center. This principle is epitomized in Paula Vogel's Desdemona: A Play About a Handkerchief, which retells Othello, but focuses on the formerly marginalized female characters from Shakespeare's play. My essay examines Desdemona as feminist protest, showing how Vogel's adaptation responds to the elegiac politics of Shakespeare's play. Of particular significance is Vogel's transformation of the necrophilic impulse in Othello: in Shakespeare's play, of course, Othello vows to love Desdemona after killing her. Fittingly — given that adaptations employ repetition itself as a vehicle for transformation — Desdemona both reprises and critiques the death æsthetic of Othello.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antartica, Cladosporium austrolitorale from coastal sea sand. Australia, Austroboletus yourkae on soil, Crepidotus innuopurpureus on dead wood, Curvularia stenotaphri from roots and leaves of Stenotaphrum secundatum and Thecaphora stajsicii from capsules of Oxalis radicosa. Belgium, Paraxerochrysium coryli (incl. Paraxerochrysium gen. nov.) from Corylus avellana. Brazil, Calvatia nordestina on soil, Didymella tabebuiicola from leaf spots on Tabebuia aurea, Fusarium subflagellisporum from hypertrophied floral and vegetative branches of Mangifera indica and Microdochium maculosum from living leaves of Digitaria insularis. Canada, Cuphophyllus bondii from a grassland. Croatia, Mollisia inferiseptata from a rotten Laurus nobilis trunk. Cyprus, Amanita exilis on calcareous soil. Czech Republic, Cytospora hippophaicola from wood of symptomatic Vaccinium corymbosum. Denmark, Lasiosphaeria deviata on pieces of wood and herbaceous debris. Dominican Republic, Calocybella goethei among grass on a lawn. France (Corsica), Inocybe corsica on wet ground. France (French Guiana), Trechispora patawaensis on decayed branch of unknown angiosperm tree and Trechispora subregularis on decayed log of unknown angiosperm tree. Germany, Paramicrothecium sambuci (incl. Paramicrothecium gen. nov.) on dead stems of Sambucus nigra. India, Aureobasidium microtermitis from the gut of a Microtermes sp. termite, Laccaria diospyricola on soil and Phylloporia tamilnadensis on branches of Catunaregam spinosa. Iran, Pythium serotinoosporum from soil under Prunus dulcis. Italy, Pluteus brunneovenosus on twigs of broadleaved trees on the ground. Japan, Heterophoma rehmanniae on leaves of Rehmannia glutinosa f. hueichingensis. Kazakhstan, Murispora kazachstanica from healthy roots of Triticum aestivum. Namibia, Caespitomonium euphorbiae (incl. Caespitomonium gen. nov.) from stems of an Euphorbia sp. Netherlands, Alfaria junci, Myrmecridium junci, Myrmecridium juncicola, Myrmecridium juncigenum, Ophioceras junci, Paradinemasporium junci (incl. Paradinemasporium gen. nov.), Phialoseptomonium junci, Sporidesmiella juncicola, Xenopyricularia junci and Zaanenomyces quadripartis (incl. Zaanenomyces gen. nov.), from dead culms of Juncus effusus, Cylindromonium everniae and Rhodoveronaea everniae from Evernia prunastri, Cyphellophora sambuci and Myrmecridium sambuci from Sambucus nigra, Kiflimonium junci, Sarocladium junci, Zaanenomyces moderatricis-academiae and Zaanenomyces versatilis from dead culms of Juncus inflexus, Microcera physciae from Physcia tenella, Myrmecridium dactylidis from dead culms of Dactylis glomerata, Neochalara spiraeae and Sporidesmium spiraeae from leaves of Spiraea japonica, Neofabraea salicina from Salix sp., Paradissoconium narthecii (incl. Paradissoconium gen. nov.) from dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum, Polyscytalum vaccinii from Vaccinium myrtillus, Pseudosoloacrosporiella cryptomeriae (incl. Pseudosoloacrosporiella gen. nov.) from leaves of Cryptomeria japonica, Ramularia pararhabdospora from Plantago lanceolata, Sporidesmiella pini from needles of Pinus sylvestris and Xenoacrodontium juglandis (incl. Xenoacrodontium gen. nov. and Xenoacrodontiaceae fam. nov.) from Juglans regia. New Zealand, Cryptometrion metrosideri from twigs of Metrosideros sp., Coccomyces pycnophyllocladi from dead leaves of Phyllocladus alpinus, Hypoderma aliforme from fallen leaves Fuscopora solandri and Hypoderma subiculatum from dead leaves Phormium tenax. Norway, Neodevriesia kalakoutskii from permafrost and Variabilispora viridis from driftwood of Picea abies. Portugal, Entomortierella hereditatis from a biofilm covering a deteriorated limestone wall. Russia, Colpoma junipericola from needles of Juniperus sabina, Entoloma cinnamomeum on soil in grasslands, Entoloma verae on soil in grasslands, Hyphodermella pallidostraminea on a dry dead branch of Actinidia sp., Lepiota sayanensis on litter in a mixed forest, Papiliotrema horticola from Malus communis, Paramacroventuria ribis (incl. Paramacroventuria gen. nov.) from leaves of Ribes aureum and Paramyrothecium lathyri from leaves of Lathyrus tuberosus. South Africa, Harzia combreti from leaf litter of Combretum collinum ssp. sulvense, Penicillium xyleborini from Xyleborinus saxesenii, Phaeoisaria dalbergiae from bark of Dalbergia armata, Protocreopsis euphorbiae from leaf litter of Euphorbia ingens and Roigiella syzygii from twigs of Syzygium chordatum. Spain, Genea zamorana on sandy soil, Gymnopus nigrescens on Scleropodium touretii, Hesperomyces parexochomi on Parexochomus quadriplagiatus, Paraphoma variabilis from dung, Phaeococcomyces kinklidomatophilus from a blackened metal railing of an industrial warehouse and Tuber suaveolens in soil under Quercus faginea. Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Inocybe nivea associated with Salix polaris. Thailand, Biscogniauxia whalleyi on corticated wood. UK, Parasitella quercicola from Quercus robur. USA, Aspergillus arizonicus from indoor air in a hospital, Caeliomyces tampanus (incl. Caeliomyces gen. nov.) from office dust, Cippumomyces mortalis (incl. Cippumomyces gen. nov.) from a tombstone, Cylindrium desperesense from air in a store, Tetracoccosporium pseudoaerium from air sample in house, Toxicocladosporium glendoranum from air in a brick room, Toxicocladosporium losalamitosense from air in a classroom, Valsonectria portsmouthensis from air in men's locker room and Varicosporellopsis americana from sludge in a water reservoir. Vietnam, Entoloma kovalenkoi on rotten wood, Fusarium chuoi inside seed of Musa itinerans, Micropsalliota albofelina on soil in tropical evergreen mixed forests and Phytophthora docyniae from soil and roots of Docynia indica. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes. Citation: Crous PW, Osieck ER, Jurjević Ž, et al. 2021. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1284-1382. Persoonia 47: 178-374. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.47.06.

This study examined the effects of different amounts of heel pad confinement on the mechanical behaviour of the human heel pad. Confinement can be manipulated in two ways: containment defined as the act of heel pad confinement by an external device (representing the heel counter) from the impact surface superiorly, and exposure defined as the amount of heel pad left unconfined distally before the start of the containment device. It is hypothesised that with greater containment, the heel pad will demonstrate less maximal deformation and increased heel pad stiffness compared with the uncontained heel pad. With increasing exposure, it is hypothesised that the heel pad will demonstrate greater maximum deformation and decreased heel pad stiffness compared with the uncontained heel pad. Cadaver heel pads were compressed using loading profiles based on vertical ground reaction force profiles collected from 11 subjects running at their preferred running velocities. Ten cadaver heel pads were each loaded 60 times to peak forces scaled to body weight with a constant time interval between loadings, under different conditions of containment and exposure. Statistical comparisons indicated that fully containing the human heel pad significantly alters the heel pad mechanical behaviour by decreasing the maximum deformation and increasing its stiffness. Thus, these results supported the first hypothesis. Statistical comparisons indicated that partially exposing human heel pad significantly alters the heel pad mechanical behaviour by decreasing the maximum deformation and increasing its stiffness, to a greater extent than fully containing the heel pad. These results are the reverse of the predictions of the second hypothesis. Overall these results have implications for heel pad mechanical behaviour when shod, and for footwear design.

Gender roles and stereotypes relating to alcohol use and consumption have been widely studied. Most of this research has focused on how gender roles influence consumption patterns and binge drinking, or identifying double-standards associated with the act of drunkenness (which has historically been associated with masculinity). While binge drinking and inebriation have obvious negative consequences, responsible use of alcohol remains an important part of contemporary life and is worth studying from a variety of perspectives. The craft beverage industry has grown tremendously in the U.S. over the last two decades, and several sources suggest that this growth is likely to continue. Consumption of craft beverages is an important component of travel and tourism and, for some, may even represent the primary reason for leisure travel. This paper examines gender differences in participation and attitudes towards craft beer among Pennsylvania craft beer patrons. More specifically, it examines how gender relates to craft beer consumption/participation, beer-related travel and tourism, social worlds engagement, knowledge, economic activity, psychological involvement, and support for brewery engagement with environmental activism and localism in contemporary society. Data were collected from patrons of 11 different craft beer venues in Pennsylvania. Though more similarities than differences were found between men and women, results suggested that males make up the majority of craft beer consumers and are more committed to craft beer drinking both behaviorally and psychologically. However, an examination of current trends suggests that female participation in the craft beer world is increasing. Further, there appears to be a commitment to environmental activism and localism among many craft breweries, which has been positively received by both male and female patrons (but perhaps to a greater degree by females). Implications for the craft beverage industry and future researchers are discussed.

The modern sports world would not be possible without the impact of innovation and entrepreneurship. Despite their massive influence on the development of global sport and sports markets, entrepren...