Lugansk National Agrarian University

In the arid conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine, the species composition of weeds characteristic of this soil-climatic zone develops. The correctly chosen method of basic soil tillage determines the effectiveness of weed suppression while simultaneously improving the growing conditions for sunflower varieties and hybrids. The purpose of the study was to identify the species composition of weeds in the steppe zone and establish the effectiveness the methods of basic tillage of soil in the technology of growing sunflower hybrids aimed at suppressing weeds and reducing the quantity of weeds in agrocenoses. Research has established that weeds of sunflower agrophytocenoses are represented by 78 species that belong to 2 classes, 18 orders, 27 families, 62 genera. In the agrophytocenosis of sunflower, the largest number of 93.5-96.3% is represented by dicotyledonous weeds (Magnoliopsida). The species composition is dominated by weeds of the Compositae family (Asteraceae) of the dicotyledonous class (Magnoliopsida), which leads to a significant decrease in the yield level. According to the species composition, 3 groups of weeds of the Asteraceae family (Asteraceae) were identified, of which 1 group of weeds is the most harmful and leads to the formation of a minimum yield of sunflower hybrids Yason and Daryi of 1.77-1.79 t/ha. The use of non-moldboard tillage leads to a percentage increase in the share of air dry mass of weeds of the Asteraceae family by 11.1-13.1%, while reducing the yield of sunflower hybrids by 0.13-0.21 t/ha. Thus, with the established species composition of weeds and the quantity of weeds, the use of plowing in sunflower cultivation technology makes it possible to form a maximum yield of 2.07-2.24 t/ha, providing more effective weed suppression in sunflower agrophytocenoses with a minimum percentage of air-dry mass of weeds of the Asteraceae family to the total number of weeds of 21.1-24.1%.

The purpose of the current study was to conduct an environmental testing and give a comprehensive estimation of the adaptability parameters of modern grain sorghum varieties developed by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. Weather conditions during the years of study were different, which made it possible to estimate varieties under contrasting cultivation conditions. The year’s conditions index was the highest in 2019 and 2023 (+0.76 and +1.03), and the lowest (-1.21) in the acutely arid year of 2020. The main effect on the productivity formation of the grain sorghum varieties was made by the conditions of the year (49.8 %) and the minor effect was made by the genotype of the variety (31.0 %). The varieties ‘Ataman’, ‘Zernogradskoe 88’, ‘Luchistoe’, ‘Zernogradskoe 53’ were found to be more productive (> 4.6 t/ha) and have a higher adaptability coefficient (108.8–117.2 %). Intensive samples (bi > 1) were ‘Zernogradskoe 53’, ‘Ataman’, ‘Luchistoe’, ‘Zernogradskoe 88’. Extensive varieties (bi < 1) were ‘Orlovskoe’, ‘Velikan’ and ‘Krymbel’ (st.). The varieties ‘Luchistoe’, ‘Ataman’,’ Zernogradskoe 88’ (S2d = 0.02–0.04) had high stability indicators, and the varieties ‘Ataman’, ‘Luchistoe’, ‘Zernogradskoe 88’, ‘Zernogradskoe 53’ had high overall adaptive capacity (TAC). The maximum indicators (115–131 %) of the stability level were established in the varieties ‘Ataman’, ‘Luchistoe’, ‘Zernogradskoe 88’. The rating estimation of adaptability parameters has shown that the early ripening intensive varieties ‘Ataman’ (68 points), ‘Luchistoe’ (67 points) and ‘Zernogradskoye 88’ (61 points) are the best and the most suitable ones for cultivation in the Donbass.

В статье исследованы современные предпосылки экологизации отрасли сельского хозяйства региона в разрезе угроз, возможностей, сильных и слабых сторон. По результатам проведенного анализа сделан вывод о реализация предпосылок экологизации сельского хозяйства на основе государственной поддержки всех направлений производственной деятельности сельскохозяйственных предприятий. Определены целевые перспективы экологизации сельского хозяйства на основе формирования экологически ориентированных взаимоотношений на уровне общества, рынка, бизнеса и государственного регулирования. Установлено, что методической основой реализации региональной аграрной политики должен стать агроэкологический подход, предусматривающий последовательное определение экологических предпосылок, требований, решений и последствий в системе развития отрасли сельского хозяйства. Обоснованы универсальные организационно-экономические ориентиры экологизации сельского хозяйства региона по принципу сбалансированности государственного регулирования и саморегулирования на уровне государства, региона и предприятия.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the use of agricultural land on the territory of united communities and their individual districts of Zhytomyr region as the smallest units of the administrative territorial division of Ukraine. The relevance of this study, due to current changes in national land relations, dictates the need to have information about agricultural lands, their owners, tenants and the lands status for planning agricultural production, the land-leases development, sale of land. The analysis of land use was carried out according to the following indicators: location of land plots of all owners within the community district and the whole community; their area; monetary evaluation; status of documents for each land plot, in particular the availability of lease, land cultivation presence. The initial data of the researches is the data of the state land cadastre database, and data of the real property rights register, both in general access and in need of special access. As a result of the research there were defined areas and location of lands of some landowners, who leased their lands and areas of lands not leased, also there were defined areas of lands, used illegally, without any documents on land use, defined areas of lands, used or owned by agricultural producers (farms, physical persons, legal entities). A cartographic core was created for the purpose of convenient planning of agricultural land use and land management within selected districts on the territory of the community.

In the system of veterinary and sanitary measures against the background of environmental changes , it remains relevant to search for new high effective means for disinfection to prevent infectious diseases. In a short time, drugs should eliminate pathogens, which requires the special approach to the choice of methods and means of disinfection. To carry out effective disinfection, the availability of appropriate drugs is required, but most of them do not meet one or another requirement, namely: some drugs have a high bactericidal effect, but are toxic, others have a high effect, low toxicity, but have a destructive effect on the treated surfaces. For practical veterinary medicine, drugs that provide a complex effect on viruses, bacteria and fungi are of particular interest. As effective disinfectants, including aerosols and electro aerosols, for many bacterial and viral diseases of animals and birds, preparations from the aldehyde group showed a positive result: a formaldehyde solution with an active substance content of 37%, an alkaline formaldehyde solution prepared from paraformaldehyde and 1% sodium hydroxide. However, despite their advantage, these preparations have a number of disadvantages, namely: high toxicity with a pronounced odor, instability of working solutions, selectivity against pathogenic microorganisms, corrosiveness and carcinogenicity. With the constant use of these agents, the microflora develops resistance. In this regard, it remains relevant to create new environmentally friendly disinfectants, taking into account the achievements of domestic and foreign practice, harmless to humans and animals, environmentally safe and available for consumers

The sensibility of the economic model of the optimal resource potential management plan to changes of the uncontrolled parameters of the economic model of the agricultural enterprise was analyzed; significant of which are the yield of crops as an indicator of the favorable environment; sales prices as an indicator of the favorable market situation; starting conditions as an indicator of the rational location of the productive forces of the agricultural enterprise. It is established that the predicting of probable changes makes possible to program the measures for support of the accepted mode of resource use with the help of investment conditions creation to support the economic model of the agrarian enterprise. Moreover, the use of the model of effective changes in dynamic programming in the course of resource potential management allows us to assess both quantitative and qualitative changes. It is substantiated that the system of resource potential management should be based on the principles of adaptive technology solutions taking into account the extensive financial stability, and the main tool for ensuring of constant performance should be technological policy. The conditions for the basic performance maintaining as well as the stability of the model in macroeconomic conditions are determined. It is proposed to use the sensibility analysis of the economic model of the optimal plan to determine the effectiveness of the resource potential management system.

<p>The intensification of agricultural production provides for solving the problems of soil cultivation in an integrated manner, taking into account all significant factors to fully meet the needs of grown crops. However, traditional technologies and means of mechanization of soil cultivation no longer satisfy the growing needs of crop production. In the development of technologies and agricultural equipment in the agricultural sector of our country, the main trend should be noted - the transition to differentiated mechanized tillage.</p>\n\n<p> In solving the problems of increasing the production of crop production, an important place is occupied by the design and manufacture of modern technology. Therefore, agricultural engineering enterprises, scientists, designers pay great attention to the search for new solutions in the development of efficient equipment. New samples of agricultural machinery for soil cultivation are being designed and manufactured, measures are being taken to expand the capabilities of inventors in creating promising domestic equipment. As a result, Ukrainian agricultural producers use modern, efficient machinery.</p>\n\n<p> At the Lugansk National Agrarian University, several designs of the tillage working body of the cultivator have been developed. A feature of the developments is that the operating working bodies of the cultivator are additionally equipped with rational mechanisms that ensure the separation of weeds from the soil, improve conditions for plant development, soil condition, reduce the use of herbicides and increase crop yields.</p>\n\n<p> Based on the results obtained, a manufacturing technology was developed and an improved sample of the cultivator working body was manufactured. For various soil and climatic conditions, replaceable working elements have been designed to separate the weed from the soil and loosen it. The implementation of such solutions will allow the development to be applied in different regions of Ukraine</p>